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Prof. Fabian Menalled
Montana State University - Bozeman, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States

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0 Agroecology
0 Biodiversity
0 Sustainable Agriculture
0 weed ecology
0 integrated weed management

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Sustainable Agriculture
integrated weed management

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Journal article
Published: 26 August 2020 in mSphere
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Climate change is affecting global moisture and temperature patterns, and its impacts are predicted to worsen over time, posing progressively larger threats to food production. In the Northern Great Plains of the United States, climate change is forecast to increase temperature and decrease precipitation during the summer, and it is expected to negatively affect cereal crop production and pest management. In this study, temperature, soil moisture, weed communities, and disease status had interactive effects with cropping system on bacterial communities. As local climates continue to shift, the dynamics of above- and belowground associated biodiversity will also shift, which will impact food production and increase the need for more sustainable practices.

ACS Style

Suzanne L. Ishaq; Tim Seipel; Carl Yeoman; Fabian D. Menalled. Dryland Cropping Systems, Weed Communities, and Disease Status Modulate the Effect of Climate Conditions on Wheat Soil Bacterial Communities. mSphere 2020, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Suzanne L. Ishaq, Tim Seipel, Carl Yeoman, Fabian D. Menalled. Dryland Cropping Systems, Weed Communities, and Disease Status Modulate the Effect of Climate Conditions on Wheat Soil Bacterial Communities. mSphere. 2020; 5 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suzanne L. Ishaq; Tim Seipel; Carl Yeoman; Fabian D. Menalled. 2020. "Dryland Cropping Systems, Weed Communities, and Disease Status Modulate the Effect of Climate Conditions on Wheat Soil Bacterial Communities." mSphere 5, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Agronomy
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Ground beetles (Carabidae) are beneficial insects providing ecosystem services by regulating insect pests and weed seeds. Despite several studies conducted on ground beetles worldwide, there is a lack of knowledge on how these insects are affected by differently managed organic systems (e.g., tillage-based versus grazed-based) compared to that of chemical-based no-tillage conventional cropping systems. In a 5-year (2013–2017) study, we assessed the ground beetle communities in cover crops and winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) in Montana, USA, with three contrasting cropping systems: a chemically managed no-tillage, a tillage-based organic, and a livestock-integrated organic with reduced tillage. The first three years (i.e., 2013–2015) corresponded to the transition to organic period, while the last two (i.e., 2016–2017) were conducted in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic-certified tillage-based and livestock-integrated organic systems. The experiment was designed with three management systems across three blocks as the whole plot variable and 5-year rotation of crop phases as the subplot variable. Using pitfall traps, we sampled ground beetles across all cover crop and winter wheat subplots for five years (n = 450). The data were analyzed using mixed effects models and PERMANOVA and visualized with non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination. Our study indicated that organically managed farms, whether tilled or grazed, enhance activity density, species richness, diversity, and evenness of ground beetles in the dryland row crop productions. Also, irrespective of farming system, cover crops supported higher species richness, diversity, and evenness of ground beetles than winter wheat. The ground beetle communities were mostly similar during the transition to organic period. However, during the established organic phase, cropping systems acted as contrasting ecological filters and beetle communities became dissimilar. Cover cropping affected ground beetle communities positively not only in organically managed systems but also in chemical-based conventional systems. Our study provides evidence supporting the adoption of ecologically-based cropping systems such as crop-livestock integration, organic farming, and cover cropping to enhance beneficial insects and their pest-regulation services.

ACS Style

Subodh Adhikari; Fabian D. Menalled. Supporting Beneficial Insects for Agricultural Sustainability: The Role of Livestock-Integrated Organic and Cover Cropping to Enhance Ground Beetle (Carabidae) Communities. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1210 .

AMA Style

Subodh Adhikari, Fabian D. Menalled. Supporting Beneficial Insects for Agricultural Sustainability: The Role of Livestock-Integrated Organic and Cover Cropping to Enhance Ground Beetle (Carabidae) Communities. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8):1210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Subodh Adhikari; Fabian D. Menalled. 2020. "Supporting Beneficial Insects for Agricultural Sustainability: The Role of Livestock-Integrated Organic and Cover Cropping to Enhance Ground Beetle (Carabidae) Communities." Agronomy 10, no. 8: 1210.

Preprint content
Published: 14 April 2020
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Little knowledge exists on whether soil bacteria are impacted by cropping systems and disease status in current and predicted climate scenarios. We assessed the impact of soil moisture and temperature, weed communities, and disease status on soil bacterial communities across three cropping systems: conventional no-till (CNT) utilizing synthetic pesticides and herbicides, 2) USDA-certified tilled organic (OT), and 3) USDA-certified organic with sheep grazing (OG). Sampling date within the growing season, and associated soil temperature and moisture, exerted the greatest effect on bacterial communities, followed by cropping system, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) infection status, and weed community. Soil temperature was negatively associated with bacterial richness and evenness, while soil moisture was positively associated with bacterial richness and evenness. Both soil temperature and moisture altered soil bacterial community similarity. Inoculation with WSMV altered community similarity, and there was a date x virus interaction on bacterial richness in CNT and OT systems, as well as an interaction between WSMV x climate. In May and July, cropping system altered the effect of climate change on the bacterial community composition in hotter, and hotter and drier conditions not treated with WSMV, as compared to ambient conditions. In areas treated with WSMV, there were interactions between cropping system, sampling date, and climate conditions, indicating the effect of multiple stressors on bacterial communities in soil. Overall, this study indicates that predicted climate modifications as well as biological stressors play a fundamental role in the impact of cropping systems on soil bacterial communities.

ACS Style

Suzanne Lynn Ishaq; Tim Seipel; Carl Yeoman; Fabian D Menalled. Dryland cropping system, weed communities, and disease status modulate the effect of climate conditions on wheat soil bacterial communities. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Suzanne Lynn Ishaq, Tim Seipel, Carl Yeoman, Fabian D Menalled. Dryland cropping system, weed communities, and disease status modulate the effect of climate conditions on wheat soil bacterial communities. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suzanne Lynn Ishaq; Tim Seipel; Carl Yeoman; Fabian D Menalled. 2020. "Dryland cropping system, weed communities, and disease status modulate the effect of climate conditions on wheat soil bacterial communities." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2020 in Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems
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Cropping system characteristics such as tillage intensity, crop identity, crop-livestock integration and the application of off-farm synthetic inputs influence weed abundance, plant community composition and crop-weed competition. The resulting plant community, in turn, has species-specific effects on soil microbial communities which can impact the growth and competitive ability of subsequent plants, completing a plant–soil feedback (PSF) loop. Farming systems that minimize the negative impacts of PSFs on subsequent crop growth can increase the sustainability of the farming enterprise. This study sought to assess the individual and combined impact of the cropping system (certified organic-grazed, certified organic till and conventional no-till) and crop sequence [pairwise rotations with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)] on the PSF magnitude and direction. All cropping systems followed the same 5-year rotation and had completed one full rotation before soil was sampled. In a greenhouse setting, a sterile soil mix was inoculated with field soil collected from all systems and three crops. The PSF study consisted of two stages (conditioning and response phases) that mimicked the rotation stages occurring in the field. PSFs were calculated by comparing the biomass of the response phase plants grown in inoculated and uninoculated soils. The farm management system affected PSFs, inferring that tillage reduction can encourage more positive PSFs. Crop sequence did not affect PSF but interacted strongly with the farm system. As such, the effects of the farming system on PSFs are best illustrated when taken into account with the identity of the previous and current crops of a cropping sequence.

ACS Style

Uriel D. Menalled; Tim Seipel; Fabian D. Menalled. Farming system effects on biologically mediated plant–soil feedbacks. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 2020, 36, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Uriel D. Menalled, Tim Seipel, Fabian D. Menalled. Farming system effects on biologically mediated plant–soil feedbacks. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2020; 36 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Uriel D. Menalled; Tim Seipel; Fabian D. Menalled. 2020. "Farming system effects on biologically mediated plant–soil feedbacks." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 36, no. 1: 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2019 in Geoderma
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Despite knowledge that management practices, seasonality, and plant phenology impact soil microbiota; farming system effects on soil microbiota are not often evaluated across the growing season. We assessed the bacterial diversity in soil around wheat roots through the spring and summer of 2016 in winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) in Montana, USA, from three contrasting farming systems: a chemically-managed no-tillage system, and two USDA-certified organic systems in their fourth year, one including tillage and one where sheep grazing partially offsets tillage frequency. Bacterial richness (range 605–1174 OTUs) and evenness (range 0.80–0.92) peaked in early June and dropped by late July (range 92–1190, 0.62–0.92, respectively), but was not different by farming systems. Organic tilled plots contained more putative nitrogen-fixing bacterial genera than the other two systems. Bacterial community similarities were significantly altered by sampling date, minimum and maximum temperature at sampling, bacterial abundance at date of sampling, total weed richness, and coverage of Taraxacum officinale, Lamium ampleuxicaule, and Thlaspi arvense. This study highlights that weed diversity, season, and farming management system all influence soil microbial communities. Local environmental conditions will strongly condition any practical applications aimed at improving soil diversity, especially in semi-arid regions where abiotic stress and seasonal variability in temperature and water availability drive primary production. Thus, it is critical to incorporate or address seasonality in soil sampling for microbial diversity.

ACS Style

Suzanne Ishaq; Tim Seipel; Carl J. Yeoman; Fabian D. Menalled. Soil bacterial communities of wheat vary across the growing season and among dryland farming systems. Geoderma 2019, 358, 113989 .

AMA Style

Suzanne Ishaq, Tim Seipel, Carl J. Yeoman, Fabian D. Menalled. Soil bacterial communities of wheat vary across the growing season and among dryland farming systems. Geoderma. 2019; 358 ():113989.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suzanne Ishaq; Tim Seipel; Carl J. Yeoman; Fabian D. Menalled. 2019. "Soil bacterial communities of wheat vary across the growing season and among dryland farming systems." Geoderma 358, no. : 113989.

Review
Published: 11 June 2019 in Sustainability
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Covering about 40% of Earth’s land surface and sustaining at least 38% of global population, drylands are key crop and animal production regions with high economic and social values. However, land use changes associated with industrialized agricultural managements are threatening the sustainability of these systems. While previous studies assessing the impacts of agricultural management systems on biodiversity and their services focused on more diversified mesic landscapes, there is a dearth of such research in highly simplified dryland agroecosystems. In this paper, we 1) summarize previous research on the effects of farm management systems and agricultural expansion on biodiversity and biodiversity-based ecosystem services, 2) present four case studies assessing the impacts of management systems on biodiversity and ecosystem services across highly simplified dryland landscapes of the Northern Great Plains (NGP), USA, 3) discuss approaches to sustain biodiversity-based ecosystem services in drylands, and 4) present a conceptual framework for enhancing agricultural sustainability in the drylands through research, policy, economic valuation, and adaptive management. An analysis of the land use changes due to agricultural expansion within the Golden Triangle, a representative agricultural area in the NGP, indicated that the proportion of land conversion to agriculture area was 84%, 8%, and 7% from grassland, riparian, and shrubland habitats, respectively. Our results showed this simplification was associated with a potential reduction of pollination services. Also, our economic analysis projected that if 30% parasitism could be achieved through better management systems, the estimated potential economic returns to pest regulation services through parasitoids in Montana, USA alone could reach about $11.23 million. Overall, while dryland agroecosystems showed a significant loss of native biodiversity and its services, greater pest incidence, and a decrease in plant pollinator networks, these trends were moderately reversed in organically managed farming systems. In conclusion, although land use changes due to agricultural expansion and industrialized farming threaten the sustainability of dryland agroecosystems, this impact can be partially offset by coupling ecologically-based farming practices with adaptive management strategies.

ACS Style

Subodh Adhikari; Arjun Adhikari; David Weaver; Anton Bekkerman; Fabian Menalled. Impacts of Agricultural Management Systems on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Highly Simplified Dryland Landscapes. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3223 .

AMA Style

Subodh Adhikari, Arjun Adhikari, David Weaver, Anton Bekkerman, Fabian Menalled. Impacts of Agricultural Management Systems on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Highly Simplified Dryland Landscapes. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Subodh Adhikari; Arjun Adhikari; David Weaver; Anton Bekkerman; Fabian Menalled. 2019. "Impacts of Agricultural Management Systems on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Highly Simplified Dryland Landscapes." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3223.

Journal article
Published: 08 November 2018 in Sustainability
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The sustainability of agriculture depends as much on the natural resources required for production as it does on the stakeholders that manage those resources. It is thus essential to understand the variables that influence the decision-making process of agricultural stakeholders to design educational programs, interventions, and policies geared towards their specific needs, a required step to enhance agricultural sustainability. This study employed a survey of multiple-choice and open-ended questions to examine the perceptions, experiences, and priorities that influence management decisions of agricultural stakeholders across Montana, United States. A total of 272 respondents completed a survey, representing five distinct agricultural stakeholder groups: 103 (34.9%) conventional producers, 78 (28.7%) consultants, 37 (13.6%) researchers, 33 (12.1%) organic grain producers, and 21 (7.7%) organic vegetable producers. The results revealed that, while stakeholder groups have distinct perceptions, experiences, and priorities, there were similarities across groups (pseudo-F = 22.92, p = 0.001). Specifically, organic vegetable and organic small-grain producers showed similar responses that were, in turn, divergent from those of conventional producers, researchers, and crop consultants. Conventional small-grain producers and researchers showed overlapping response patterns, while crop consultants formed an isolated group. Six clusters resulting from the classification of the multiple-choice response dataset associated with specific agricultural professions (χ2 = 549.72, p = 0.001). The classification of open-ended questions that assessed agronomic challenges and research needs resulted in six distinctive clusters, with specific associations between clusters and agricultural stakeholder groups (χ2 = 164.41, p = 0.001). These results reinforce the need for agricultural education and programs that address unique and shared experiences, priorities, and concerns of multiple stakeholder groups. This study endorses the call for a paradigm shift from the traditional top-down agricultural extension model to one that accounts for participants’ socio-ecological contexts to facilitate the adoption of sustainable agricultural systems that support environmental and human wellbeing.

ACS Style

Sean McKenzie; Hilary Parkinson; Jane Mangold; Mary Burrows; Selena Ahmed; Fabian Menalled. Perceptions, Experiences, and Priorities Supporting Agroecosystem Management Decisions Differ among Agricultural Producers, Consultants, and Researchers. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4096 .

AMA Style

Sean McKenzie, Hilary Parkinson, Jane Mangold, Mary Burrows, Selena Ahmed, Fabian Menalled. Perceptions, Experiences, and Priorities Supporting Agroecosystem Management Decisions Differ among Agricultural Producers, Consultants, and Researchers. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):4096.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sean McKenzie; Hilary Parkinson; Jane Mangold; Mary Burrows; Selena Ahmed; Fabian Menalled. 2018. "Perceptions, Experiences, and Priorities Supporting Agroecosystem Management Decisions Differ among Agricultural Producers, Consultants, and Researchers." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4096.

Preprint
Published: 09 October 2018
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The sustainability of agriculture depends as much on the natural resources required for production as it does on the stakeholders that manage those resources. It is thus essential to understand the variables that influence the decision-making process of agricultural stakeholders to design educational programs, interventions, and policies geared towards their specific needs, a required step to enhance agricultural sustainability. We examined the perceptions, experiences, and priorities that influence management decisions of five major groups of agricultural stakeholders (conventional small grain producers, organic small grain producers, organic vegetable producers, extension agents and agro-industry crop consultants, and researchers) across the Montana, United States. Results revealed that while stakeholder groups have distinct perceptions, experiences, and priorities, there were similarities across groups. Specifically, organic vegetable and organic small grain producers showed similar responses that were, in turn, divergent of conventional producers, researchers, and crop consultants. Conventional small grain producers and researchers showed overlapping response patterns while crop consultants formed an isolated group. Our results reinforce the need for agricultural education and programs that address unique and shared experiences, priorities, and concerns of multiple stakeholder groups. This study endorses the call for a paradigm shift from the traditional top-down agricultural extension model to one that accounts for participants’ socio-ecological contexts to facilitate the adoption of sustainable agricultural systems that support environmental and human wellbeing.

ACS Style

Sean McKenzie; Hilary Parkinson; Jane Mangold; Mary Burrows; Selena Ahmed; Fabian Menalled. Perceptions, Experiences, and Priorities Supporting Agro-Ecosystem Management Decisions Differ among Agricultural Producers, Consultants, and Researchers. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Sean McKenzie, Hilary Parkinson, Jane Mangold, Mary Burrows, Selena Ahmed, Fabian Menalled. Perceptions, Experiences, and Priorities Supporting Agro-Ecosystem Management Decisions Differ among Agricultural Producers, Consultants, and Researchers. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sean McKenzie; Hilary Parkinson; Jane Mangold; Mary Burrows; Selena Ahmed; Fabian Menalled. 2018. "Perceptions, Experiences, and Priorities Supporting Agro-Ecosystem Management Decisions Differ among Agricultural Producers, Consultants, and Researchers." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 23 July 2018 in Weed Science
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Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) is a persistent, perennial weed species that infests a variety of temperate habitats around the globe. To evaluate the efficacy of general management approaches and impacts on crop yield and to identify research gaps, we conducted a series of meta-analyses using published studies focusing onC. arvensismanagement in annual cropping and perennial systems. Our analysis of 48 articles (560 data points) conducted in annual systems indicated that 95% of data points measured efficacy over short time frames (within 2 yr of treatment). Furthermore, only 27% of data points reported impacts ofC. arvensismanagement on crop yield. In annual systems, herbicide control dominated the literature (~80% of data points) and was an effective management technique up to 2 yr posttreatment. Integrated management, with or without herbicides, and three nonchemical techniques were similarly effective as herbicide at reducingC. arvensisup to 2 yr posttreatment. In addition, integrated approaches, with or without herbicides, and two nonchemical techniques had positive effects on crop yield. There were few differences among herbicide mechanism of action groups onC. arvensisabundance in annual systems. There were only nine articles (28 data points) concerningC. arvensismanagement in perennial systems (e.g., pasture, rangeland, lawn), indicating more research effort has been directed toward annual systems. In perennial systems, biocontrol, herbicide, and non-herbicide integrated management techniques were equally effective at reducingC. arvensis, while competition and grazing were not effective. Overall, our results demonstrate that while chemical control ofC. arvensisis generally effective and well studied, integrated and nonchemical control practices can perform equally well. We also documented the need for improved monitoring of the efficacy of management practices over longer time frames and including effects on desired vegetation to develop sustainable weed management programs.

ACS Style

Stacy Davis; Jane Mangold; Fabian Menalled; Noelle Orloff; Zach Miller; Erik Lehnhoff. A Meta-Analysis of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Management in Annual and Perennial Systems. Weed Science 2018, 66, 540 -547.

AMA Style

Stacy Davis, Jane Mangold, Fabian Menalled, Noelle Orloff, Zach Miller, Erik Lehnhoff. A Meta-Analysis of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Management in Annual and Perennial Systems. Weed Science. 2018; 66 (4):540-547.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stacy Davis; Jane Mangold; Fabian Menalled; Noelle Orloff; Zach Miller; Erik Lehnhoff. 2018. "A Meta-Analysis of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Management in Annual and Perennial Systems." Weed Science 66, no. 4: 540-547.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2018 in Sustainability
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Farming systems act as ecological filters impacting cropland associated biodiversity; however, the extent of these effects is largely unknown in the drylands of the Northern Great Plains (NGP), a key conventional and organic crop production region. In this 3-year (2013–2015) on-farm study, we addressed this knowledge gap by assessing the effects of conventional and organic farming systems on weed and ground beetle (carabidae) communities. We observed 25 weed species in conventional and 44 in organic fields. Weed species richness and weed species evenness were 237% and 137% greater in organic fields than in conventional fields. We collected a total of 1520 beetle specimens, representing 28 species in conventional and 37 in organic fields. Beetle activity-density and species richness were 220% and 156% greater in organic fields than in conventional fields. Both weed and ground beetle communities differed between conventional and organic fields, indicating that farming systems act as distinct ecological filters. We conclude that, in the drylands of the NGP, adoption of organic farming enhances weed abundance which could have potential management challenges, but provide floral resources to the pollinators and parasitoids. Similarly, greater diversity of ground beetles could enhance conservation biological control of crop pests, ultimately supporting for sustainable agriculture.

ACS Style

Subodh Adhikari; Fabian D. Menalled. Impacts of Dryland Farm Management Systems on Weeds and Ground Beetles (Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2146 .

AMA Style

Subodh Adhikari, Fabian D. Menalled. Impacts of Dryland Farm Management Systems on Weeds and Ground Beetles (Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Subodh Adhikari; Fabian D. Menalled. 2018. "Impacts of Dryland Farm Management Systems on Weeds and Ground Beetles (Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2146.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2018 in Sustainability
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This study explored whether Montana agricultural stakeholders’ perceptions and observations of climate change vary according to four socio-ecological variables: income, political view, agricultural occupation, and production region. A survey including 27 questions was developed into five sections: (1) agricultural background information; (2) perceptions about climate change; (3) observed changes in climate-related variables; (4) adaptation practices and strategies; and (5) demographic information. The survey included Likert-scored responses and multiple-choice questions, and was completed by 452 participants, including conventional and organic farmers and ranchers, extension agents, crop consultants, and researchers. The results indicate that while a notable fraction of agricultural stakeholders are alarmed about climate change and optimistic about the human capacity to reduce climate change, the degree of concern and optimism significantly varies depending on the stakeholder’s political views, production region, and agricultural occupation group. We found that observations of changes in climate, perceptions about climate change, and potential risks to agricultural production are driven mainly by political views. Both perceptions and observations drive the choice of adaptation and mitigation practices. It is thus essential to understand farmers’ socio-ecological characteristics when designing agricultural outreach programs in order to reduce barriers for the adoption of climate-resilient agriculture.

ACS Style

Bruna Irene Grimberg; Selena Ahmed; Colter Ellis; Zachariah Miller; Fabian Menalled. Climate Change Perceptions and Observations of Agricultural Stakeholders in the Northern Great Plains. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1687 .

AMA Style

Bruna Irene Grimberg, Selena Ahmed, Colter Ellis, Zachariah Miller, Fabian Menalled. Climate Change Perceptions and Observations of Agricultural Stakeholders in the Northern Great Plains. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bruna Irene Grimberg; Selena Ahmed; Colter Ellis; Zachariah Miller; Fabian Menalled. 2018. "Climate Change Perceptions and Observations of Agricultural Stakeholders in the Northern Great Plains." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1687.

Research article
Published: 26 March 2018 in Pest Management Science
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BACKGROUND Cephus cinctus infestation causes $350 million in annual losses in the Northern Great Plains. We compared infestation and parasitism of C. cinctus in spring (including Kamut; Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum) and winter wheat cultivars grown in organic and conventional fields in Montana, USA. In the greenhouse, we compared C. cinctus preference and survival in Kamut, Gunnison, and Reeder spring wheat cultivars. RESULTS Stems cut by C. cinctus varied by farming system and the seasonality of the wheat crop. No stems of Kamut in organic fields were cut by C. cinctus, but 1.5% [±0.35% standard error (SE)] of stems in conventional spring wheat, 5% (±0.70% SE) of stems in organic winter wheat, and 20% (±0.93% SE) of stems in conventional winter wheat fields were cut by C. cinctus. More larvae of C. cinctus were parasitized in organic (27 ± 0.03% SE) compared with conventional (5 ± 0.01% SE) winter wheat fields. Cephus cinctus oviposition, survival, and the number of stems cut were lowest in Kamut compared with Gunnison and Reeder. CONCLUSION Cephus cinctus infestation was more common in winter wheat than in spring wheat. Organic fields with fewer cut stems also supported more parasitoids. Kamut is a genetic resource for developing C. cinctus‐resistant cultivars. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

ACS Style

Subodh Adhikari; Tim Seipel; Fabian D Menalled; David K Weaver. Farming system and wheat cultivar affect infestation of, and parasitism on, Cephus cinctus in the Northern Great Plains. Pest Management Science 2018, 74, 2480 -2487.

AMA Style

Subodh Adhikari, Tim Seipel, Fabian D Menalled, David K Weaver. Farming system and wheat cultivar affect infestation of, and parasitism on, Cephus cinctus in the Northern Great Plains. Pest Management Science. 2018; 74 (11):2480-2487.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Subodh Adhikari; Tim Seipel; Fabian D Menalled; David K Weaver. 2018. "Farming system and wheat cultivar affect infestation of, and parasitism on, Cephus cinctus in the Northern Great Plains." Pest Management Science 74, no. 11: 2480-2487.

Review
Published: 05 March 2018 in Weed Science
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Although stand-alone and integrated management techniques have been cited as viable approaches to managing Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.], it continues to impact annual cropping and perennial systems worldwide. We conducted meta-analyses assessing effectiveness of management techniques and herbicide mechanism of action groups for controllingC. arvenseusing 55 studies conducted in annual cropping systems and 45 studies in perennial systems. Herbicide was the most studied technique in both types of systems and was effective at reducingC. arvense. However, integrated multitactic techniques, with or without herbicides, were more effective than sole reliance on herbicides for long-term control in both annual cropping and perennial systems. A variety of management techniques such as biocontrol, crop diversification, mowing, and soil disturbance provided control similar to that of herbicide. Our results suggest that many management techniques aimed at reducingC. arvensecan also improve crop yield or abundance of desired plants. This study highlights the need to devote more research to nonchemical and integrated management approaches forC. arvensecontrol.

ACS Style

Stacy Davis; Jane Mangold; Fabian Menalled; Noelle Orloff; Zach Miller; Erik Lehnhoff. A Meta-analysis of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Management. Weed Science 2018, 66, 548 -557.

AMA Style

Stacy Davis, Jane Mangold, Fabian Menalled, Noelle Orloff, Zach Miller, Erik Lehnhoff. A Meta-analysis of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Management. Weed Science. 2018; 66 (4):548-557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stacy Davis; Jane Mangold; Fabian Menalled; Noelle Orloff; Zach Miller; Erik Lehnhoff. 2018. "A Meta-analysis of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Management." Weed Science 66, no. 4: 548-557.

Research article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Plant Disease
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Wheat streak mosaic, caused by Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV; family Potyviridae), is the most important and common viral disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America. WSMV is transmitted by the wheat curl mite (WCM; Aceria tosichella). We evaluated how mean daily temperatures, cumulative growing degree-days, day of the year, and surrounding alternative host identity affected WCM infestation and WSMV infection of wheat from late summer through early autumn in Montana, United States. Cumulative growing degree-days, warm mean daily temperatures (i.e., >10°C), and surrounding alternative hosts interacted to alter risk of WCM infestation and WSMV infection. Wheat surrounded by Bromus tectorum L. and preharvest volunteer wheat had WCM infestation and WSMV infection rates of 88% in years when the mean daily temperature was 15°C in October, compared with 23% when surrounded by bare ground, and

ACS Style

Nar B. Ranabhat; Tim Seipel; Erik A. Lehnhoff; Zach J. Miller; Karl E. Owen; Fabian D. Menalled; Mary E. Burrows. Temperature and Alternative Hosts Influence Aceria tosichella Infestation and Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Infection. Plant Disease 2018, 102, 546 -551.

AMA Style

Nar B. Ranabhat, Tim Seipel, Erik A. Lehnhoff, Zach J. Miller, Karl E. Owen, Fabian D. Menalled, Mary E. Burrows. Temperature and Alternative Hosts Influence Aceria tosichella Infestation and Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Infection. Plant Disease. 2018; 102 (3):546-551.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nar B. Ranabhat; Tim Seipel; Erik A. Lehnhoff; Zach J. Miller; Karl E. Owen; Fabian D. Menalled; Mary E. Burrows. 2018. "Temperature and Alternative Hosts Influence Aceria tosichella Infestation and Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Infection." Plant Disease 102, no. 3: 546-551.

Review
Published: 01 February 2018 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Organic farming has become a major agricultural and economic sector, and weed management is one of the primary challenges facing the industry. Of particular concern are rhizomatous perennial weeds such as field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] which are highly competitive and not easily controlled in organic systems. We conducted meta-analyses of the existing literature to 1) identify promising management approaches for these weeds in the absence of synthetic herbicides and 2) determine which aspects of field bindweed and Canada thistle management warrant further study. Mechanical control (i.e. plowing, cultivation, hoeing) was the most studied management category in annual cropping systems, accounting for 40% of data extracted, but did not outperform most of the other management actions overall, possibly due to the variability in specific methodology (i.e. timing, frequency, depth, implement). In annual systems, integrated management, or the combination of two or more control methods, emerged as the management technique that caused the greatest decrease in abundance and survival for field bindweed. We identified several additional management techniques that decreased field bindweed and/or Canada thistle in both annual and perennial systems including biocontrol, mowing, grazing, crop diversification, solarization, shading, flaming, and crop competition. However, organic producers continue to struggle with these species. This discrepancy may originate from the fact that most of the studies we evaluated reported impacts over short time spans, with 53% being conducted for a period of one to two years, and only 9% conducted for five or more years. Further, only 16% of field bindweed and 26% of Canada thistle studies reported measures of variability. Longer-term research focused on sustainable perennial weed management systems is needed in addition to research about short-term interventions.

ACS Style

Noelle Orloff; Jane Mangold; Zach Miller; Fabian Menalled. A meta-analysis of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) management in organic agricultural systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2018, 254, 264 -272.

AMA Style

Noelle Orloff, Jane Mangold, Zach Miller, Fabian Menalled. A meta-analysis of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) management in organic agricultural systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2018; 254 ():264-272.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noelle Orloff; Jane Mangold; Zach Miller; Fabian Menalled. 2018. "A meta-analysis of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) management in organic agricultural systems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 254, no. : 264-272.

Review
Published: 31 March 2017 in Agriculture
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Organic agricultural production has become a major economic and cultural force. However, in water-limited environments the tools used for weed control and nutrient supply, namely tillage and cover crops, may not be environmentally or economically sustainable as tillage damages soil and cover crops use valuable water. Thus, a major challenge has been finding appropriate ways to minimize tillage and terminate cover crops while still controlling weeds and obtaining cover crop ecosystem services. One approach to achieve this is through the economically viable integration of crop and livestock enterprises to manage weeds and terminate cover crops. In this article we (1) review research needs and knowledge gaps in organic agriculture with special focus on water-limited environments; (2) summarize research aimed at developing no-till and reduced tillage in organic settings; (3) assess approaches to integrate crop and livestock production in organic systems; and (4) present initial results from a project assessing the agronomic and weed management challenges of integrated crop-livestock organic systems aimed at reducing tillage intensity in a water-limited environment. The goal of eliminating tillage in water-limited environments remains elusive, and more research is needed to successfully integrate tactics, such as cover crops and livestock grazing to increase organic farm sustainability.

ACS Style

Erik Lehnhoff; Zachariah Miller; Perry Miller; Stephen Johnson; Tessa Scott; Patrick Hatfield; Fabian D. Menalled. Organic Agriculture and the Quest for the Holy Grail in Water-Limited Ecosystems: Managing Weeds and Reducing Tillage Intensity. Agriculture 2017, 7, 33 .

AMA Style

Erik Lehnhoff, Zachariah Miller, Perry Miller, Stephen Johnson, Tessa Scott, Patrick Hatfield, Fabian D. Menalled. Organic Agriculture and the Quest for the Holy Grail in Water-Limited Ecosystems: Managing Weeds and Reducing Tillage Intensity. Agriculture. 2017; 7 (4):33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Lehnhoff; Zachariah Miller; Perry Miller; Stephen Johnson; Tessa Scott; Patrick Hatfield; Fabian D. Menalled. 2017. "Organic Agriculture and the Quest for the Holy Grail in Water-Limited Ecosystems: Managing Weeds and Reducing Tillage Intensity." Agriculture 7, no. 4: 33.

Review
Published: 09 December 2016 in Sustainability
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Modern weed science is at a crossroads. Born out of advances in chemistry, it has focused on minimizing weed competition with genetically uniform crops and heavy reliance on herbicides. Paradoxically, the success obtained with such an approach and the reluctance to conduct integrated and multidisciplinary research has resulted in unintended, but predictable, consequences, including the selection of herbicide resistant biotypes. Advances in eco-evolutionary biology, a relatively recent discipline that seeks to understand how local population dynamics arise from phenotypic variation resulting from natural selection, habitat distribution, and propagule dispersal across the landscape are transforming our understanding of the processes that regulate agroecosystems. Within this framework, complementary tactics to develop alternative weed management programs include the following: (1) weed scientists must recognize that evolution occurs within crop fields at ecologically-relevant time scales and is rooted in the inherent variation that exists in all populations; (2) weed management should recognize that the probability of a resistant mutant is directly related to the population size; (3) farmers need to acknowledge that herbicide resistance transcends any one farm and should coordinate local practices with regional actions; (4) incentives should be developed and implemented to help the adoption of eco-evolutionary management programs; and (5) risk analysis can help incorporate an eco-evolutionary perspective into integrated weed management programs.

ACS Style

Fabian D. Menalled; Robert K. D. Peterson; Richard G. Smith; William S. Curran; David J. Páez; Bruce D. Maxwell. The Eco-Evolutionary Imperative: Revisiting Weed Management in the Midst of an Herbicide Resistance Crisis. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1297 .

AMA Style

Fabian D. Menalled, Robert K. D. Peterson, Richard G. Smith, William S. Curran, David J. Páez, Bruce D. Maxwell. The Eco-Evolutionary Imperative: Revisiting Weed Management in the Midst of an Herbicide Resistance Crisis. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (12):1297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabian D. Menalled; Robert K. D. Peterson; Richard G. Smith; William S. Curran; David J. Páez; Bruce D. Maxwell. 2016. "The Eco-Evolutionary Imperative: Revisiting Weed Management in the Midst of an Herbicide Resistance Crisis." Sustainability 8, no. 12: 1297.

Soil microbiology
Published: 27 September 2016 in Microbial Ecology
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Farming practices affect the soil microbial community, which in turn impacts crop growth and crop-weed interactions. This study assessed the modification of soil bacterial community structure by organic or conventional cropping systems, weed species identity [Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) or Avena fatua L. (wild oat)], and living or sterilized inoculum. Soil from eight paired USDA-certified organic and conventional farms in north-central Montana was used as living or autoclave-sterilized inoculant into steam-pasteurized potting soil, planted with Am. retroflexus or Av. fatua and grown for two consecutive 8-week periods to condition soil nutrients and biota. Subsequently, the V3-V4 regions of the microbial 16S rRNA gene were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Treatments clustered significantly, with living or sterilized inoculum being the strongest delineating factor, followed by organic or conventional cropping system, then individual farm. Living inoculum-treated soil had greater species richness and was more diverse than sterile inoculum-treated soil (observed OTUs, Chao, inverse Simpson, Shannon, P < 0.001) and had more discriminant taxa delineating groups (linear discriminant analysis). Living inoculum soil contained more Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria, while the sterile inoculum soil had more Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia. Organically farmed inoculum-treated soil had greater species richness, more diversity (observed OTUs, Chao, Shannon, P < 0.05), and more discriminant taxa than conventionally farmed inoculum-treated soil. Cyanobacteria were higher in pots growing Am. retroflexus, regardless of inoculum type, for three of the four organic farms. Results highlight the potential of cropping systems and species identity to modify soil bacterial communities, subsequently modifying plant growth and crop-weed competition.

ACS Style

Suzanne Ishaq; Stephen P. Johnson; Zach J. Miller; Erik A. Lehnhoff; Sarah Olivo; Carl J. Yeoman; Fabian D. Menalled. Impact of Cropping Systems, Soil Inoculum, and Plant Species Identity on Soil Bacterial Community Structure. Microbial Ecology 2016, 73, 417 -434.

AMA Style

Suzanne Ishaq, Stephen P. Johnson, Zach J. Miller, Erik A. Lehnhoff, Sarah Olivo, Carl J. Yeoman, Fabian D. Menalled. Impact of Cropping Systems, Soil Inoculum, and Plant Species Identity on Soil Bacterial Community Structure. Microbial Ecology. 2016; 73 (2):417-434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suzanne Ishaq; Stephen P. Johnson; Zach J. Miller; Erik A. Lehnhoff; Sarah Olivo; Carl J. Yeoman; Fabian D. Menalled. 2016. "Impact of Cropping Systems, Soil Inoculum, and Plant Species Identity on Soil Bacterial Community Structure." Microbial Ecology 73, no. 2: 417-434.

Research article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Plant Disease
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Management of vector-borne plant viruses requires understanding how abiotic (e.g., resource availability) and biotic (e.g., virus–vector interactions) factors affect disease via effects on epidemiological parameters that drive disease spread. We conducted two complementary experiments using Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV): (i) a field study to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) susceptibility to WSMV infection and (ii) a growth chamber study to evaluate the effects of N and carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment on population growth rates of the wheat curl mite (WCM), the vector of WSMV, and whether the effects of nutrient addition on WCM reproduction were modified by WSMV infection. The relationship between N fertilization and plant susceptibility to WSMV infection was nonlinear, with infection rates increasing rapidly as soil nitrate increased from 0 to 20 ppm and more gradually at higher nitrate concentrations. In the growth chamber study, N fertilization increased WCM population growth rates when the vectors transmitted WSMV but had the opposite effect on nonviruliferous mites. CO2 enrichment had no observable effects on WCM populations. These results suggest that, whereas the spread of WSMV is facilitated by N addition, increases in atmospheric CO2 may not directly alter WCM populations and WSMV spread.

ACS Style

Zachariah J. Miller; Erik A. Lehnhoff; Fabian D. Menalled; Mary Burrows. Effects of Soil Nitrogen and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Wheat streak mosaic virus and Its Vector (Aceria tosichella Kiefer). Plant Disease 2015, 99, 1803 -1807.

AMA Style

Zachariah J. Miller, Erik A. Lehnhoff, Fabian D. Menalled, Mary Burrows. Effects of Soil Nitrogen and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Wheat streak mosaic virus and Its Vector (Aceria tosichella Kiefer). Plant Disease. 2015; 99 (12):1803-1807.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zachariah J. Miller; Erik A. Lehnhoff; Fabian D. Menalled; Mary Burrows. 2015. "Effects of Soil Nitrogen and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Wheat streak mosaic virus and Its Vector (Aceria tosichella Kiefer)." Plant Disease 99, no. 12: 1803-1807.

Research article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Plant Disease
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One of the greatest virus disease threats to wheat production in the Great Plains of the USA is Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Breeding programs have developed wheat varieties that are resistant or tolerant to WSMV infection, but these characteristics are climate dependent, and may also vary by WSMV isolate. We tested 10 spring and nine winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties and two barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties for resistance and tolerance to one WSMV isolate over four years. In spring wheat and barley, there were year by cultivar interactions in terms of resistance and tolerance. However, in winter wheat, yield losses due to WSMV were relatively consistent across years and varieties. Additionally, we tested the impacts of three WSMV isolates individually and in a mixture on twelve, two, and twelve varieties of spring wheat, barley, and winter wheat, respectively. Resistance and tolerance varied by isolate and cultivar, but there were no isolate by cultivar interactions. For spring wheat and barley, yield impacts were greater for two of the three single isolates than for the isolate mixture, whereas in winter wheat, the isolate mixture caused greater yield losses than the individual isolates. Overall, the results indicate that resistance and tolerance phenotypes were influenced by environmental conditions and by WSMV isolate or combination of isolates, suggesting that cultivar screening should be conducted over multiple years and with multiple virus isolates.

ACS Style

Erik Lehnhoff; Zachariah Miller; Fabian Menalled; Dai Ito; Mary Burrows. Wheat and Barley Susceptibility and Tolerance to Multiple Isolates of Wheat streak mosaic virus. Plant Disease 2015, 99, 1383 -1389.

AMA Style

Erik Lehnhoff, Zachariah Miller, Fabian Menalled, Dai Ito, Mary Burrows. Wheat and Barley Susceptibility and Tolerance to Multiple Isolates of Wheat streak mosaic virus. Plant Disease. 2015; 99 (10):1383-1389.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Lehnhoff; Zachariah Miller; Fabian Menalled; Dai Ito; Mary Burrows. 2015. "Wheat and Barley Susceptibility and Tolerance to Multiple Isolates of Wheat streak mosaic virus." Plant Disease 99, no. 10: 1383-1389.