The possibility of producing cement clinker using low-energy, resource-saving technologies is studied. The composition of industrial waste for low-energy-intensive production of Portland cement clinker at factories in Southern Kazakhstan is analyzed. The possibility of replacing the deficient iron-containing corrective additive with “Waelz clinker for zinc ores” is shown. “Waeltz clinker from zinc ores” as part of the raw material charge performs several tasks: it is a ferrous corrective additive, works as a mineralizer for clinker formation processes, introduces coal into the charge and allows one to reduce the consumption of natural fuel. The processes of burning raw mixtures, wholly or partially consisting of industrial waste, are completed at 1350 °C. This reduces the consumption of main burner fuel for clinker burning and reduces CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. High-quality cement clinker is obtained based on raw material mixtures with Waeltz clinker from zinc ores from the Achisai Metallurgical Plant, phosphorus slag, coal mining waste from Lenger mines and sodium fluoride. The phase composition and microstructure of low-energy clinkers are revealed. Involving industrial waste in raw material circulation will reduce environmental pollution and improve the environment.

A structure of composite cement with 15 wt.% thermally activated clay shales has been developed. The phase composition and properties of aluminosilicate rocks of the Kazakhstan deposits—Mynaral and Kuyuk—have been studied. It has been shown that aluminosilicates are related to clay shales by their composition. The regularities of thermal activation processes of aluminosilicates have been established, and it has been shown that pozzolanic activity increases for all compositions with an increase in the heat treatment temperature from 700 to 900 °C. The clay shale of the Mynaral deposit is characterized by the highest activity. The physicomechanical properties of the obtained composite cements–including Portland cement clinker, gypsum, and thermally activated clay shale—have been studied. It has been shown that when replacing up to 15 wt.% Portland cement clinker with thermally activated clay shales, there is no decrease in the strength properties of the composite cement. The obtained results allow us to consider heat-treated clay shales as active mineral additives.

A composition of composite cement with the possibility of reducing the proportion of clinker to 15% by weight on aluminosilicate rocks has been developed. The object of the study is the production of composite cement using aluminosilicate rocks of the Kazakhstan deposits - Mynaral and Kuyuk. The patterns of thermal activation processes of polymineral clays and the compositions of the products of firing active mineral additives have been established. It has been established that the clay shale of the Mynaral deposit heat-treated at 900°C has the highest activity. The qualitative and quantitative phase composition of active mineral additives, the main physical and mechanical properties of the obtained composite cements have been studied and determined. It has been established that the best strength properties are possessed by composite cements with additives of 15% of clay shales fired at 800 - 900°C.

The feasibility of producing high-quality zinc phosphate cement based on a frit-sintered mixture of ZnO, SiO₂, MgO, and Bi₂O₃ oxides, with the addition of phosphorous slag and an aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid as the mixing liquid, was demonstrated. The raw materials used for zinc phosphate cement preparation were investigated using various physicochemical analysis methods. It was found that the phosphorous slag contains silicon oxide (37.6%), aluminum oxide (4.49%), calcium oxide (42.4%), magnesium oxide (2.19%), as well as fluorine (1.94%) and calcium fluoride (4.91%). The slag predominantly consists of an amorphous glassy phase with minor inclusions of crystalline components. During the sintering process, the addition of 1.5–3.0 wt.% phosphorous slag to the frit promotes the formation of low-melting eutectics due to the presence of fluorides, resulting in a 100 °C reduction in the sintering temperature. An optimal zinc phosphate cement powder composition was developed, comprising: ZnO—83.0%, MgO—9.0%, SiO₂—3.5%, Bi₂O₃—3.0%, and phosphorous slag—1.5%. The resulting sintered product exhibited a whiteness of 97.8%, which exceeds that of the reference sample by 2.6%. Upon mixing the powder with the mixing liquid, zinc ions are released first, initiating a chemical reaction that leads to the formation of zinc, magnesium, and aluminum phosphates. The compressive strength of the resulting composite cements ranged from 101.8 to 111.9 MPa, fully complying with the requirements for cement grade as specified in GOST 31578-2012.

This paper presents an analysis of the physicochemical and biological properties of the developed composite zinc phosphate cement modified with bismuth oxide and phosphorus slag additives. The powder phase was synthesized by sintering a frit with an optimal composition (ZnO, MgO, SiO₂, Bi₂O₃) using phosphorus slag as the active component. The study included an assessment of the microstructure, chemical resistance in aggressive environments (5% NaCl solution, 10% lactic acid, carbonated water), solubility in artificial saliva, and cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts. The addition of phosphorus slag was found to promote the formation of low-melting eutectics, which reduces the sintering temperature by 100 °C and increases the material’s whiteness to 97.8%. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of zincite, quartz, and periclase phases, forming a dense microstructure without pronounced pores or cracks. The experimental cement demonstrated high acid resistance: the maximum weight loss in lactic acid was 8%, while the leaching of toxic elements (Pb, As, Cr, etc.) remained extremely low (10–67 ppm), confirming the material’s environmental safety. Testing of the composite zinc phosphate cement in artificial saliva revealed minimal weight loss compared to similar products. Biological testing showed that the cement’s cytotoxicity is dose-dependent; at a 0.3 g dose and a 1:4 dilution, the material loses its toxic properties and becomes safe for living tissue. The developed zinc phosphate composite cement composition offers improved aesthetic and mechanical properties, high chemical stability, and biocompatibility at working concentrations, making it promising for use in clinical dentistry.