Objectives: The sacrum is a critical bone in various clinical procedures, including caudal epidural blocks, iliosacral screw placements, fetal growth assessment, and sacral nerve stimulation. This study aims to investigate the morphometry and variational morphology of the anatomical formations in the pelvis and dorsal surface of the sacrum. Methods: Morphometric and morphological characteristics of 30 sacral bones of unknown age and sex were examined. Measurements were made using a digital caliper. Results: The mean height of the sacrum was 106.67±10.16 mm, while their mean width was 103.60±6.78 mm. The morphometric analysis revealed that the mean length of the sacral hiatus was 18.51±7.44 mm, and the distance between the sacral cornua was 11.80±2.46 mm. The sacral hiatus was most commonly observed in an inverted ‘U’ shape, while the least common form was bifid. The sacral canal typically displayed a V-shaped morphology. It was determined that the apex of the sacral hiatus most frequently started at the S4 level (80%) compared to the sacral vertebra, and the base of the sacral hiatus mostly ended at the S5 level (93.4%). Conclusion: Morphometry of the sacrum is essential in guiding clinicians, especially in interventions such as anesthesia and orthopedics. Discrepancies in parameter studies conducted in some countries suggest the significance of ethnic factors. Therefore, it is essential for the number of studies to increase and for physicians to follow the parameters of their society regarding the effectiveness of the treatments.

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the precision of physical examination tests in individuals diagnosed with ischiofemoral impingement syndrome (IFI), analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and measurements, and explore the correlation between imaging methods and physical examination tests. Methods: The MRIs of 27 hips of 20 patients who have presented with complaints of hip/groin pain in the study group and 40 hips of 20 patients in the control group were analyzed. Patients were evaluated for the severity of pain, clinical findings, and physical examination tests. Quadratus femoris muscle (QFM) edema was graded and quadratus femoris space (QFS), hamstring tendon area (HTA) and especially ischiofemoral space (IFS), were measured on MRI. Results: Both the IFS (12.44±3.49) and QFS (6.38±2.09) were significantly reduced in the study groups compared to the control groups (IFS:23.06±4.5, p<0.001; QFS:15.36±4.45, p<0.001). Measurements of the IFS (cut-off:≤18.58) and the QFS (cut-off:≤10.27) demonstrated high specificity (87.5%) and sensitivity (100%) in identifying IFI. The long-step walking (LSW) test was positive in 59.3% of cases. Conclusion: The results suggest that MRI is a valuable tool for providing detailed information on various aspects related to IFI. It allows for the assessment of the narrowing of the IFS and QFS, as well as the presence of edema. MRI, when combined with LSW test, can contribute to a comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis of IFI, enabling clinicians to gather important clinical and radiological data for accurate assessment.

Background: The spleen is an important organ in the evaluation of systemic diseases due to its hematologic and immunologic functions. Changes in splenic volume and surface area have diagnostic significance in various clinical conditions. This study aimed to evaluate age- and sex-related changes in splenic volume and surface area in an adult population. Material: A total of 304 abdominal CT scans (153 females, 151 males) were retrospectively evaluated. Participants aged 19–89 years were stratified by decades. Changes in splenic surface area and volume were analyzed according to age and sex using measurements obtained from these images with the 3D Slicer software package. Results: Splenic volume showed significant differences across age groups in females, whereas no statistically significant age-related difference was observed in males. Splenic surface area differed significantly according to age groups in both sexes. The highest mean splenic volume and surface area were observed in the 19–29 age group in both sexes. The lowest mean values were detected in the 80–89 age group in females and in the 70–79 age group in males. Conclusions: Splenic volume is higher in males than in females. A statistically significant decrease in splenic volume with advancing age was observed in females, whereas only a non-significant decreasing trend was noted in males. A marked reduction in splenic volume and surface area was observed particularly after the age of 70 years. This finding is associated with age-related immune decline and functional hyposplenism and carries clinical significance in terms of increased susceptibility to infections and diminished immune response in elderly individuals. Furthermore, splenic shrinkage should be considered in the assessment of hematological reserve and in the differentiation of changes related to chronic diseases.

Klippel-Feil syndrome is a condition characterized by fusion of the spine owing to the failure of normal segmentation of the cervical structures. In this case report, we aimed to describe this rare syndrome, show the findings of this syndrome using imaging techniques, and demonstrate its clinical importance. A 41-year-old female patient presented to our faculty hospital with neck pain. Using cervical magnetic resonance imaging, we observed a decreased anteroposterior diameter; fusion between the corpora of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cervical spine; and an appearance consistent with fusion between the arches of the same vertebrae in sagittal slices. Cadaver studies and radiology tests were performed to identify the variations and anomalies of the cervical spine. Although computed tomography scanning is more frequently performed for the purpose of evaluating spine, magnetic resonance imaging may be performed to evaluate the adjacent soft tissue structures and the symptoms associated with vertebral pathologies. These imaging modalities are necessary and beneficial for anatomists, radiologists, neurosurgeons, and orthopedists so that they may evaluate the findings, coexisting anomalies, and risk factors of Klippel-Feil syndrome in order to reach appropriate diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment.

Variations in aortic arch branching may have important clinical implications. One significant variant is the left common carotid artery (LCCA) arising from the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) rather than directly from the aortic arch. A 20-year-old female, previously treated for osteoblastic osteosarcoma, underwent routine follow-up magnetic resonance angiography. Imaging demonstrated the LCCA originating from the BT. Although typically asymptomatic, this variant is a clinically significant pattern that can complicate surgical or endovascular procedures, particularly carotid stenting. Preoperative recognition is essential for safe vascular interventions.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes, learning habits, and utilization of technological methods by first-year nursing students regarding the anatomy course. Additionally, the study aimed to acquire data to enhance the effectiveness of anatomy education based on student feedback.Materials and Methods: The research was conducted with 206 nursing students enrolled in the Faculty of Nursing during the 2024-2025 academic year. Data were collected voluntarily through an online questionnaire prepared using Google Forms. The survey included five-point Likert scale questions related to the anatomy course, which was directed to the students. The questionnaire consisted of structured questions evaluating students’ demographic information, perspectives on the course, study methods, and use of technology.Results: Of the participants, 81.6% were female and 18.4% were male. It was determined that students had a high awareness of the professional importance of anatomy, and 68.5% would attend classes even if attendance was not required. The most challenging topics were the peripheral nervous system (65%) and the central nervous system (63.1%). While most students (86.9%) studied from lecture notes, only 33% used textbooks. Regarding the use of technology, the most common resource was YouTube videos (53.9%), while artificial intelligence (30.1%) and special anatomy applications (26.2%) were less preferred.Conclusions: Given the strong motivation of nursing students for learning anatomy and their inclination towards digital materials, it is recommended to enrich the curriculum with interactive applications and technology-supported tools. Designing flexible, and continuous learning environments based on student feedback will enhance both the quality of anatomy education and students’ clinical competency.