Chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and hidradenitis suppurativa are systemic conditions marked by persistent immune activation. Growing evidence links them to molecular and vascular ageing, including oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and reduced expression of longevity-related proteins like Klotho and SIRT1. This narrative review examines how Th17- and Th2-driven inflammation contributes to systemic inflammageing. Key cytokines—IL-17, IL-23, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31—promote endothelial damage, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction. We highlight the role of vascular biomarkers (e.g., VCAM-1, ICAM-1, ST2, P-selectin) and immune cell senescence as indicators of ageing. Finally, we explore whether biologic therapies targeting these pathways may attenuate inflammation-driven ageing. Chronic skin diseases may thus serve as accessible models of systemic inflammageing and targets for early intervention.

Introduction: Water quality is a critical issue affecting human health, with contamination by pathogens leading to various diseases. Pathogens in water, often transmitted through the fecal-oral route, pose significant risks, causing gastrointestinal diseases and bacterial diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set water quality standards for recreational use, and sports events like triathlons and the Olympics may involve waterborne infection risks. Additionally, athletes in water sports face health risks from physical exertion and environmental conditions, including exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, hypothermia, hyperthermia and swimming-induced pulmonary edema. Understanding these risks and implementing preventive measures are crucial for ensuring the safety and health of athletes and participants in water-based sports events. Purpose of the work: The purpose of this study is to review the impact and risks of pathogenic microorganisms found in water on the health and physical performance of athletes. Special attention is given to the organization of water sports competitions in the context of microbiological threats. Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research articles available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus was conducted using search terms related to: "water sports", "microbiological hazards", "water pathogens", "water quality", "athletes" and "prevention." Results: Microbiological threats included in water expose participants in major sporting events to potential infection that can cause various health issues. To reduce these risks, water quality standards must be monitored, and actions should be taken when limits are exceeded. Event organizers must prioritize athlete safety, considering factors like weather and water quality, and involve public health authorities in decision-making. If health risks are identified, rescheduling or changing the event location should be considered.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease requiring effective long-term systemic treatment. Current options, including using conventional small molecules and biological therapies, are limited by adverse events, suboptimal efficacy, or poor adherence due to inconvenient administration. This highlights an unmet need for safe, convenient, and effective oral self-administered dosage form therapies aligned with patient preferences. This review evaluates the mechanism, safety, and efficacy of next-generation tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitors and compares them to currently available therapeutic options. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is driven by chronic systemic inflammation mediated by the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/Th17/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis. Selective TYK2 inhibitors, such as deucravacitinib, envudeucitinib, and zasocitinib, act through a unique allosteric mechanism by binding to the regulatory pseudokinase domain (JH2) rather than the enzyme’s catalytic domain. This enables highly selective suppression of IL-23-mediated inflammation while mitigating systemic toxicity seen with nonselective Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Clinical trials (POETYK PSO-1 and PSO-2) and long-term extension studies demonstrate that deucravacitinib provides superior efficacy compared to the first-generation oral small molecule apremilast, with high and sustained response rates. It maintains durable efficacy for up to four years in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and shows a stable long-term safety profile, with low incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), venous thromboembolism (VTE), serious infections, and malignancies. Selective TYK2 inhibition bridges the therapeutic gap, providing an optimal balance of efficacy and oral convenience. With the potential to improve patient adherence and quality of life, these agents represent a promising option to become a first-line oral systemic therapy for psoriasis.

Background: Normalized strength outcomes and limb symmetry indices (LSIs) are widely used but poorly characterized across testing conditions, and it is unclear if these vary by sex. This study aimed, first, to investigate sex-related differences in normalized knee flexor strength and LSI values across multiple strength-testing conditions in healthy recreational athletes, and, second, to descriptively examine associations among strength outcomes obtained under different testing conditions within female and male participants. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 52 healthy, recreationally active adults (26 females and 26 males) underwent bilateral knee flexor strength testing using three force plate-based isometric assessments, one static dynamometer-based isometric assessment, and three isokinetic dynamometer-based assessments. Differences were analyzed with a mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), and associations were assessed using Pearson correlations. Results: Males showed higher normalized knee flexor strength than females across all testing conditions (main effect of sex: p < 0.001; partial η² = 0.334–0.371), with the magnitude of these sex-related differences varying across testing conditions (sex-by-testing condition interaction: p < 0.001; partial η² = 0.215–0.230). LSI values did not differ by sex (p = 0.896) and remained consistent across testing conditions (p = 0.385). Correlations were generally stronger within force plate-based and isokinetic dynamometer-based assessments (r = 0.528–0.922) than between different testing conditions. Conclusions: Sex-related differences were observed for normalized knee flexor strength but not for LSI values. Strength outcomes obtained under different testing conditions should not be considered directly interchangeable.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by a complex and dynamic interplay between immune dysregulation and epidermal barrier dysfunction. Emerging evidence supports an integrated pathogenic model in which immune activation and barrier impairment form a bidirectional and self-reinforcing axis rather than representing separate processes. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of IL-4/IL-13-dependent signaling in regulating keratinocyte lipid metabolism and its impact on epidermal barrier integrity. IL-4/IL-13 signaling via the JAK-STAT pathway, particularly STAT6, contributes to keratinocyte dysfunction, resulting in impaired differentiation and coordinated alterations in lipid metabolism, including fatty acid elongation and ceramide synthesis. These cytokine-driven processes disrupt the organization of the stratum corneum lipid matrix, resulting in increased transepidermal water loss, enhanced skin permeability, and susceptibility to microbial colonization, thereby promoting chronic inflammation. Collectively, these findings support the concept that IL-4/IL-13-mediated dysregulation of keratinocyte lipid metabolism may represent an important immunometabolic mechanism linking type 2 inflammation with secondary barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis, thereby contributing to disease persistence. Targeting both immune pathways and epidermal lipid homeostasis may represent an effective strategy to restore barrier function and improve clinical outcomes.

In recent years, the pervasive presence of microplastics in various environments has raised global concern. These tiny plastic fragments, less than 5mm in size, have infiltrated terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric ecosystems, posing threats to biodiversity, human health, and ecological balance. Understanding microplastic pollution has become crucial for scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of microplastics, covering their sources, distribution, fate, and ecological implications. By synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, this paper aims to deepen our understanding of microplastic's global impact and support sustainable environmental management. The objective of this study is to explore the prevalence, distribution, environmental implications, and potential mitigation approaches related to microplastics across diverse ecosystems, with a specific emphasis on their impact on human health and well-being. To obtain up-to-date information concerning trends in the topic of microplastics, a review of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, along with the latest legislative reports in both Europe and Poland, was performed. Microplastics pose a significant environmental and health threat, disrupting soil properties, biochemical cycles, and ecosystems globally. Despite extensive research, gaps remain in understanding their behavior. Effective management requires comprehensive waste strategies and regulatory measures to mitigate their impact. Addressing this challenge demands interdisciplinary collaboration and heightened public awareness for a sustainable future.