This paper presents a comparative study between two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, the incremental conductance algorithm (InC) and the fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The two algorithms were applied to a low photovoltaic power conversion system, and they both use different PI controllers and grid synchronization techniques. Moreover, both InC and FLC methods have Clarke and Park Transformation. To some extent, the incremental conductance and fuzzy logic controller approaches are similar, but their control loops are different. Therefore, the InC has classic Proportional Integrative (PI) controllers with simple phase-locked loops (PLL). At the same time, the FLC works with fuzzy logic PI controllers linked with the Second Order Generalized Integrator (SOGI). The proposed techniques examine the solar energy conversion performance of the photovoltaic (PV) system under possible irradiance changes and constant temperature conditions. Finally, a performance comparison has been made between InC and FLC, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the fuzzy controller over the incremental conductance algorithm. FLC turns to convert photovoltaic power easily, decreasing fluctuations, and it offers a quick response to the variation of solar irradiance (shading effect). The simulation results show a superior performance of the controller with fuzzy logic, which helps the inverter convert over 99% of the power generated by the photovoltaic panels. In comparison, the incremental conductance algorithm converts around 80%.

Small donor–acceptor molecules combining arylamine donor blocks with various acceptors have been synthesized and evaluated as active materials in homojunction single material organic solar cells.

Four acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)-type molecules bearing indacenodithiophene as donating central core and various end-capping acceptor units have been designed and synthesised as n-type materials suitable for organic solar cells (OSCs). The studied optical and electrochemical properties supported by theoretical calculations revealed that the nature and the strength of the terminal groups exert a decisive influence on the polymer bulk-heterojunction OSC performance.

Flexible electrode materials with tailored electrical and mechanical properties are essential for reliable electrocardiographic (ECG) sensing. In this work, p-toluenesulfonic-acid-doped polypyrrole (PPy–TSA) films were modified using polymeric and inorganic fillers, as well as their combinations (polyethylene glycol, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and zeolite), to tune their functional performance. The reference PPy–TSA film exhibits typical morphological and chemical characteristics of doped polypyrrole and serves as a reliable baseline for comparison. All composite films retain electrical conductivity within the range required for ECG applications while showing improved mechanical compliance (i.e., enhanced ability to conform to the skin and sustain deformation). Based on the optimized balance between electrical and mechanical properties, flexible ECG electrodes were fabricated using the TSA-doped PPy-based composite film. ECG recordings obtained with the several proposed electrodes show good agreement with those acquired using a commercial ECG electrode, demonstrating the potential of PPy-based composite films for flexible bioelectronic sensing applications.

The synthesis of some novel donor-acceptor and acceptor-donor-acceptor systems containing a 2,2′-bi[3,2-b]thienothiophene donor block and various electron-accepting units is described alongside their photophysical properties studied using electrochemistry, optical spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The obtained results show that the energy levels can be modulated by changing the strength of the acceptor unit. Among the three investigated end-groups, 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone exhibited the largest bathochromic shift and the lowest band gap suggesting the strongest electron-withdrawing character. Moreover, the emissive properties of the investigated systems vary greatly with the nature of the terminal group and are generally lower compared to their precursor aldehyde derivatives.