At present, there is no efficient treatment to prevent the evolution of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is generated by the concurrent activity of multiple factors, which is a serious obstacle for the development of etio-pathogenic treatments. Astrocytes may act on most factors involved in PD and the promotion of their neuroprotection activity may be particularly suitable to prevent the onset and progression of this basal ganglia (BG) disorder. The main causes proposed for PD, the ability of astrocytes to control these causes, and the procedures that can be used to promote the neuroprotective action of astrocytes will be commented upon, here.

This critical integrative review reassesses the lipid paradigm by systematically mapping 380 influential trials and cohort studies on cholesterol, saturated fats, and statins in relation to cardiovascular and cognitive outcomes. The evidence base reveals a nearly even split between studies supporting and challenging LDL-centric causality, alongside pervasive methodological flaws, including reliance on surrogate lipid markers, ecological inferences, residual confounding, and industry-related reporting biases. Trial-generation comparisons and structured risk-of-bias assessment (ROB 2, ROBINS-I) repeatedly show that substantial pharmacological LDL reductions do not consistently yield proportional reductions in myocardial infarction, stroke, or all-cause mortality. Integrating Mendelian randomization with clinical and metabolomic data, the review advances a Critical Window Hypothesis in which LDL is necessary but not sufficient for atherogenesis, exerting dominant causal influence during early and midlife plaque initiation, while inflammatory, oxidative, and hemodynamic factors become primary drivers in advanced disease. Metabolomic studies of extreme longevity and late-life cohorts demonstrate that bile acids, steroid metabolites, and low-glycemic metabolic profiles—not total cholesterol—better predict survival and cognitive preservation, and that higher LDL in the oldest-old often associates with lower mortality and dementia risk. These findings challenge universal LDL-centric policies and support lifestyle medicine strategies prioritizing systemic metabolic optimization over isolated cholesterol targets.

This study aims to carry out a bibliographic review of the scientific literature of the last 13 years (2010-2023) of the scientific articles included in the PudMed, Scielo and Academic Google database, with the aim of determining which are the most comorbid clinical pictures with the disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). First, a general search was made for those articles that included the keywords “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” and “comorbidity” in the Abstract, to carry out more specific searches from there. After this second, more systematic search, a pre-selection of articles by title was carried out. Subsequently, two more preselections were carried out based on the content of the After the different filters applied, finally, 42 articles were selected that were analyzed in depth one by one in order to respond to the objective of this study. The review of the literature shows that the most comorbid disorders with ADHD were behavioral problems, learning disorders, risk of injury, anxiety and depression disorders, negativity defiant disorders (ODD) and affective disorder. It is necessary to highlight the existence of individual differences in all clinical manifestations, and that more important than knowing the comorbid categories with ADHD, is the realization of a dimensional approach to said conditions, since certain subclinical conditions may not be detected as comorbid if we approach them from a categorical approach.