This paper provides data regarding the ratios of the functional structures of lymph nodes after inflammation in the abdominal organs. Lymph systems, including lymph nodes, function as filters of tissues and tissue fluids and are places of origin and lymphocyte production for normal physiological functions. They display specific morphological and functional responses in reaction to endogenous and exogenous substances. The morphological pattern of the mesenteric lymph node in experimental rat groups reflects a decrease in its immune function due to the processes of inflammation in the abdominal cavity. These processes work together with the associated organs and their involvement in the abdominal lymph nodes, in which there are discharges of the structure of the paracortical zone under conditions of reduced lymphogenic processes, according to the decrease in the size of the paracortex and the ratios of lymphoid nodes with and without germinal centers. Histological and morphometric analyses show changes in the mesenteric lymph node. These analyses are characterized by changes in the cortical and medullary substances, while the proportion of the cortical structure decreases. We also noted an increase in the number of macrophages in the lymphoid nodes and cerebral sinus, as well as a decrease in the number of mature plasmocytes, the paracortex, and the pulp strands. These changes indicate immunosuppressive effects on the lymph node. Under the conditions of inflammation, the formation of a mixed immune response occurs.

In this study, the biochemical parameters and physico-chemical reactions of the body in experimental hypoxia, using a Sprague Dawley Rat Model. Hypoxia changed the dynamics and biochemical parameters of blood and lymph, as well as urine. During hypoxia, there was a change in the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes. Hypoxic training was conducted in a hypoxic animal chamber for 15 days and 30 days for 40 minutes every day. Physical and chemical parameters of blood, lymph and its morphological composition were studied on a hematological analyser, oxygen tension and pH of blood and lymph on an OPTI CCA-TS2 Blood Gas and Electrolyte Analyser. The value of osmotic pressure in the lymph changed slightly from 280.22 ± 2.07 to 293.3±3.1 and 285.6 ± 2.8 mOsm/l, respectively, 15 and 30 days of hypoxia. Urine osmotic pressure decreased by 15.1-10.4%, respectively, compared to the control group. After 15 and 30 days of hypoxia, ion exchange in the blood plasma showed a decrease in the concentration of K+, Cl- ions and an increase in the concentration of Na+ ions in the blood plasma and lymph. Ca2+ concentrations decreased in blood plasma and increased in lymph and urine. The analysis of the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes showed its decrease. Lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes showed a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde and diene conjugates by 52.2% and 69.6%, as well as a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase by 32% and 29.7%. Hypoxia leads to a decrease in erythrocyte resistance and lipid peroxidation in experimental animals. Shifts in pH on the side of acidosis and disturbances in physico-chemical properties in the blood and lymph were detected. As a result of developing hypoxia in the body, structural and functional rearrangements occur in the whole blood of experimental animals.

Aging is a multifactorial biological process characterized by a progressive decline in functional capacity at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. The aim of this review is to summarize current concepts of aging mechanisms and the prevention of age-related pathologies from a lymphological perspective, taking into account contemporary literature data and the results of our own studies. Currently, two major concepts dominate in gerontology: programmed aging, which considers aging as a genetically determined process, and damage accumulation theories, which associate aging with the progressive accumulation of molecular and cellular damage. The hallmarks of aging include genomic instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, impaired proteostasis and macroautophagy, dysregulation of nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, dysbiosis, hormonal imbalance, and disturbances in interstitial humoral transport and lymphatic outflow. At the tissue and organ levels, impairment of lymphatic drainage is of particular importance, leading to interstitial fluid stagnation and the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which exacerbate cellular and subcellular dysfunction. Phytotherapeutic agents containing flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, and other biologically active substances exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. They inhibit lipid peroxidation, reduce excessive nitric oxide production, and contribute to the restoration of interstitial humoral transport and lymphatic outflow. Interstitial humoral transport and the lymphatic system, together with renal mechanisms, play key roles in maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Targeted regulation of lymphatic system function may help reduce tissue congestion, maintain physiological homeostasis, and improve quality of life in the elderly.

These studies reveal the features of the composition of microorganisms in peritoneal exudate in inflammatory processes, which can lead to more effective methods of diagnosis and treatment of such conditions. Inflammation of the abdominal cavity in rats of the experimental groups was caused by intraperitoneal administration of a suspension of coprological material (feces) at a dose of 0.5 cm3.As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that on the 2nd and 5th days after infection of rats with coprological exudate into the abdominal cavity, inflammation of the abdominal organs developed, which manifested itself as an inflammatory process characterized by a disorder of blood and lymph circulation in blood and lymphatic vessels, in capillaries and venules, edema, hemorrhages in internal organs and vessels, necrosis tissues (on the 5th day after infection). In rats of the 3rd experimental group on the 3rd day after infection the condition sharply worsened, there was oppression, refusal of food, the animals crammed into a corner of the cage and did not move. Pr. mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., Listeria, Sarcina и E.coli. were isolated from samples of biological material of rats. We studied the sensitivity to 7 antibacterial drugs of isolated microorganisms, among which were Pr.mirabilis and Klebsiella spp. isolated from the abdominal cavity during inflammation. As a result of the experiment it was found that the highest sensitivity in inflammation of the abdominal cavity in rats observed highly sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, cephalosporins, and resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracycline.

According to modern concepts, lymph nodes contains functional compartments. Compartments are thymus-dependent, thymus-independent zones and lymphatic sinuses. Age-induced changes of compartments depend on lymph nodes belonging in a certain lymphatic territory of the body. Lymph nodes efficiency decreases over time. Principles of compartmentalization is the necessary approach to characterizing senile lymph node depending on localization. We used histological method and statistical data analysis of dynamic rows to essessing the intensity of compartment change. The results showed visceral lymph nodes have a multi-directional change of compartments with different intensity over a certain period of time. Visceral lymph nodes differ from each other in the intensity of compartment changes from the baseline. The mesenteric lymph node undergoes stronger changes and shows a decline in lymphoid tissue and sinus system and expansion of the medullary substance (medullary cords) and capsular-trabecular base. The tracheobronchial lymph node is resistant to aging, as most compartments lag slightly behind the base level, except for the intense decline of secondary lymphoid follicles. The principle of compartmentalization characterizes the rapid development of aging in the mesenteric lymph node and slow aging in the tracheobronchial lymph node. Dynamic rows indicators and total growth coefficient prove features of aging rates for visceral lymph node. We consider that the regional specificity of aging is associated with differences in the change of visceral node compartments.