The article presents the results of the study of ecological characteristics of soils of three populations on the territory of Karatau. The populations were located in different geographical points with differences in soil types, depth of horizons and content of chemical elements. The study evaluated the main soil parameters including humus content, pH, CO2, macro- and microelements, and salinity level. It was found that population-1 (mountain gray-brown soils) was characterized by the highest content of humus and mobile nitrogen, indicating better availability of nutrients to plants. population-2 (mountain southern serozems) has higher potassium content, which is favourable for plant growth. population-3 (mountain gray-brown soils) showed the lowest content of mobile phosphorus and copper compared to other populations. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations showed that zinc exceeded the maximum permissible concentration only in population-2. At the same time, soil salinization at all three sites remains at a low level and does not pose a threat to the ecosystem. These findings are ecologically significant as they reveal the critical role of soil fertility and contamination in supporting the distribution and survival of the rare endemic species Spiraeanthus schrenkianus. These results provide new information for assessing the fertility and sustainability of land resources.

The chemical composition of Sedum ewersii Ledeb., a plant indigenous to Kazakhstan and traditionally utilized in folk medicine, was comprehensively investigated, with a focus on its various plant parts. Fresh samples collected in May 2023 from the Almaty region underwent hydrodistillation to extract volatile components, followed by analysis using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection, which identified a total of 71 compounds across different plant parts, including the root (underground part), root (aerial part), leaf, stem, and flowering aerial part. The predominant biologically active compound identified across all plant parts was Ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside. Monoterpenes, recognized as primary secondary metabolites, were notably abundant in each plant part, with varying compositions: the root (underground part) contained 28.58% aliphatic monoterpenes, 54.41% oxygenated monoterpenoids, 1.42% diterpenoids, and 15.59% other compounds; the root (aerial part) exhibited 1.34% aliphatic monoterpenes, 31.28% oxygenated monoterpenoids, 6.16% diterpenoids, and 61.22% other compounds; the stem and leaves showed 3.06% aliphatic monoterpenes, 21.49% oxygenated monoterpenoids, 17.99% diterpenoids, and 57.46% other compounds; and the flowering aerial part displayed 8.20% aliphatic monoterpenes, 53.18% oxygenated monoterpenoids, 23.75% diterpenoids, and 14.87% other compounds. Diterpenes, particularly Phytol, were prominently present in the leaf, stem, and flowering aerial parts. Additionally, a diverse array of organic acids, ketones, and phenolic compounds were identified across the plant parts, each potentially offering distinct pharmacological benefits. The presence of exclusive compounds in specific plant parts, such as Dihydroxyacetone in the root (aerial part), underscored the pharmacological diversity of S. ewersii. This study provides valuable insights into the chemical diversity and pharmacological potential of S. ewersii, suggesting promising applications in pharmaceutical and medicinal fields. Further research aimed at elucidating the individual and synergistic pharmacological effects of these compounds is crucial to fully harness the therapeutic benefits of this plant.

The article presents the biological features of Arctium tomentosum Mill. in natural and sowing conditions, the changes in morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs in ontogenesis. The growth rate of the germinal root was quite active, and the formation of many lateral roots was observed at...

The subfamily Gentianinae includes approximately 425 species, with many belonging to the extensively studied genus Gentiana. These species are predominantly distributed across the Eurasian continent. The Gentianaceae family is notable for its biologically active compounds and is utilized in traditional medicine for its antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, digestive, antidepressant, and antianemic properties. Purpose of the study – Almaty region, Ilе district, Kazakhstan village, south-western edge of Kungey Alatau, pasture of Il river, north-eastern slope and Almaty region, Karasay district Kaskelen gorge in 2023-2024 to determine the anatomical features of vegetative organs of two collected species. Materials and Methods: Sections of the roots, stems, and leaves of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. and Gentiana tianschanica were prepared using a sliding microtome and analyzed under a light microscope. Results: The comparative anatomical analysis of the vegetative organs of G. olivieri and G. tianschanicarevealed both similarities and differences. The significant anatomical feature observed was that the cells of the upper epidermis in the leaves of both species were smaller than those of the lower epidermis. Notably, the upper epidermis of the leaves lacked stomata. The vegetative organs of both species exhibited xeromesophytic characteristics in G. olivieri and mesophytic features in G. tianschanica. These anatomical features align with existing knowledge on Gentianaceae anatomy. Conclusion: The roots of G. olivieri displayed intraxillary phloem, a distinguishing trait of the Gentianoideae and Menyanthoideae subfamilies.

For many diseases, medicinal plants have been used in treatment since ancient times. The relevance of research on medicinal plants is growing day by day. This is due to the fact that the effect of medicinal plants is higher and the effect of chemical drugs is stronger. Currently, there are numerious studies on the effects of medicinal plants and it is proven that they act more sparingly than chemical drugs. In this regard, genetic taxonomic determination will be more effective than morphological identification of medicinal plants. Thanks to the bioinformatics, it is increasingly possible to identify genes isolated from plants, align them with genes in a database, and perform phylogenetic analysis. In our work, DNA was isolated from the leaves of Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb., and the rbcL gene was sequenced, then a phylogenetic analysis was carried out to determine the relationship with Aegopodium L., as well as with representatives of the Umbelliferae family. The study showed that the plant Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. according to the sequences of the rbcL gene, it is closer to the genus Aegopodium L, in contrast to other representatives of the Apiaceae family. However, between them were not found strong similarities. При многих заболеваниях лекарственные растения используются в лечении с древних времен. Актуальность исследований лекарственных растений растет день ото дня. Это связано с тем, что эффект лекарственных растений выше и действует шадяще химические препараты. В данное время имеются очень много исследований эффекты лекарственных растений и доказываются что они действует щадящее чем химические препараты. В этой связи генетическое таксономическое определение будет более эффективным, чем морфологическая идентификация лекарственных растений. Благодаря науке биоинформатики растет возможности идентифицировать ген, выделенные из растений, выравнивая с генами в базе данных и проводить филогенетический анализ. В нашей работе была выделена ДНК из листьев Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb., провели секвенирование гена rbcL, и провели филогенетический анализ с целью определения родства с Aegopodium L., а также с представителями семейства зонтичных. Исследование показало, что растение Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. по последовательностям гена rbcL ближе к роду Aegopodium L в отличие от других представителей семейства зонтичных. Однако между ними не наблюдалось очень сильного сходства. Көптеген ауруларде емдеуде дәрілік өсімдіктерді ерте кезден бастап қолданылып келеді. Дәрілік өсімдіктерді зерттеудің өзектілігі күннен-күнге артып отыр. Себебі, химияық препараттарға қарағанда дәрілік өсімдіктердің жағымды әсері өте көп зерттеліп, дәлелденіп келеді. Осыған орай, дәрілік өсімдіктерді морфологиялық тұрғыда идентификациялауға қарағанда, генетикалық жағынан таксономиялық анықтау тиімді болмақ. Биоинформатика ғылымының арқасында өсімдіктерден бөліп алған генді дерекқордағы гендермен сәйкестендіріп, филогенетикалық талдау жасау мүмкіндігі артуда. Біздің жұмысымызда преспективті Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. дәрілік өсімдігінің жапырағынан бөліп алынған rbcL генінің секвенсі жасалып, дерекқордағы Aegopodium L. туысына жататын өсімдік түрлерімен және сондай-ақ шатыргүлділер тұқымдасының өкілдерімен туыстық қатынасын анықтау мақсатында филогенетикалық талдау жүргізілді. Зерттеу нәтижесінде Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. өсімдігі rbcL генінің бірізділіктері бойынша шатыргүлділер тұқымдасының басқа өкілдеріне қарағанда Aegopodium L. туысына жақын екені анықталды. дегенмен, олардың өзара ішінде өте қатты ұқсастықтары байқалмады.

It is known that long-term storage of cultures with the help of periodic reseeding does not always ensure the stability of morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. In this regard, the question arises of the need to study the range of variability of individual characters and the influence of the environment on the heterogeneity properties of collection cultures and study their morphophysiological properties. We considered it appropriate to return to the study of the main taxonomically significant phenotypic characters of these yeasts. As a result, it was noted that the culture of Candida sphaerica KM95 does not show natural variability, which would be expressed in the macromorphological heterogeneity of the population: almost all colonies had similar characteristics. The culture of Candida kefyr var. kumis 17 when sieving on a dense medium, a noticeable variability is observed in a number of morphological features. Thus, the population composition is represented by several types of colonies that differ from each other in size, color, shape, structure, etc. In search of cultures that ferment lactose intensively, 25 yeast strains isolated from shubat and assigned to the genus Candida were tested. As a result of a comparative study of enzymatic activity, by examining the ability of different strains to ferment lactose, the most active of them were identified - C. sphaerica 1M and C. sphaerica 3M. According to our observations, the studied cultures are able to ferment maltose after their long-term cultivation on wort agar, however, the ability to grow on a medium with lactose is lost.