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Salvador Ivorra Chorro is a university professor in the area of Continuum Mechanics and Structure Theory at the University of Alicante's Department of Civil Engineering, where he coordinates the Structures Laboratory, is a researcher responsible for the research group in structure essay, simulation and modelling and deputy director of the Department. He holds a PhD in Industrial Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) from the Polytechnic University of Valencia and University Specialist in Occupational Risk Prevention by the same university. Since July 2018 he is the Coordinator of the Subarea of Civil Engineering and Architecture at the State Research Agency. His research activity has been focused on the dynamic behaviour of structures and structural reinforcement, and he has devoted an important part of his research to the structures belonging to the historical heritage. As of December 2019, he has authored 65 scientific articles, 56 of them in JCR-indexed journals, more than 120 papers in congresses, and has directed 16 doctoral theses. He has participated in 16 competitive research projects, 9 as senior researcher, and in more than 200 research and technical assistance contracts with public agencies and private companies. He has been responsible for the coordination of a project financed with €2,000,000 from FEDER funds for the construction of the University of Alicante’s Civil Engineering research laboratory. He is co-inventor of two patents.
Although the confinement of compressed columns with composite materials has been extensively studied during the last decades, scarce research has been conducted in the particular case of reinforcement of stone or masonry elements subjected to high temperatures. This work reports an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of cylindrical stone specimens exposed to temperatures of 600 °C and subsequently cooled with two different methods: slow air cooling or rapid water immersion. The effect of confinement by means of carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) is studied. The mechanical properties of the rock are also analyzed by non-destructive tests, which constitute very appropriate techniques when working on heritage buildings. In general terms, it was found that the effect of temperature significantly reduced the strength and elastic modulus of the rock. On the other hand, FRP confinement provided large increases in strength and ultimate strain, compared to unreinforced samples. An important finding of this work is that the response of the confined specimens seems to depend basically on the properties of the FRP laminate, and not on the damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the predictions of analytical confinement models included in the most relevant international design guides. It has been proven that these models seem to provide accurate results in the case of unheated and unaltered stone, although they show larger deviations in the case of high temperature exposed specimens.
L. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 42, 102504 .
AMA StyleL. Estevan, F.J. Baeza, F.B. Varona, S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 42 ():102504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. 2021. "Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure." Journal of Building Engineering 42, no. : 102504.
Historical buildings are located in the city center, near squares where celebrations take place. These festivities usually include pyrotechnic events that impose blast loadings on historical buildings. In this paper, a methodology for the analysis of the dynamic response of historical buildings is presented, and applied to the Altamira Palace — a historical building listed as Spanish National Monument located in Elche (Spain) — during the experimental campaigns that registered the effect of two different pyrotechnic events. Vibration levels associated with these events are presented and analysed according to several international standards and scientific recommendations, in order to avoid even cosmetic damages. The qualitative analysis of the accelerograms, registered during both events, served to identify the different parts of the spectacle, in which the highest accelerations were induced during the last phase (commonly known as the earthquake). Based on the quantitative analysis of the signals, the most significant frequency range in terms of possible damage to the monument was detected below 10 Hz. In this range, the measurements showed peak accelerations much higher than those limits recommended in the different standards and scientific reports.
Salvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Javier Baeza; Benjamín Torres. Effect of pyrotechnical effects on heritage constructions: The Altamira Palace in Elche, Spain. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2021, 1 -13.
AMA StyleSalvador Ivorra, David Bru, F. Javier Baeza, Benjamín Torres. Effect of pyrotechnical effects on heritage constructions: The Altamira Palace in Elche, Spain. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2021; ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvador Ivorra; David Bru; F. Javier Baeza; Benjamín Torres. 2021. "Effect of pyrotechnical effects on heritage constructions: The Altamira Palace in Elche, Spain." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-13.
Masonry walls exhibit low tensile strength and high material heterogeneity, which makes them especially vulnerable against cyclic loading conditions, such as those typical in earthquakes. This paper presents the experimental results obtained from tests on three masonry walls reinforced with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) materials subjected to in-plane cyclic loading. These full-scale masonry walls were tested in the LARGE laboratory at the University of Alicante (Alicante, Spain). The walls had been built using a traditional construction technique, with solid clay bricks layered with lime mortar. One specimen was tested and damaged by in-plane cyclic loading and was subsequently strengthened by a vertical layer of TRM with an overlapping of 200 mm. It was then tested again until failure in a second test. In addition, another undamaged specimen had been previously reinforced with the same TRM technique and tested until failure, thus providing a third test. A network of sensors and digital image correlation systems were used to monitor displacements and crack patterns. The comparison between these experimental results made it possible to assess the effectiveness of TRM in restoring the structural integrity of damaged masonry walls and almost doubling their load-bearing capacity under cyclic loads. Conclusions obtained here provide valuable information to the scientific community, architects and structural engineers about the strengthening and repair of severely damaged masonry walls.
Benjamín Torres; Salvador Ivorra; F. Javier Baeza; Luis Estevan; Borja Varona. Textile reinforced mortars (TRM) for repairing and retrofitting masonry walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loads. An experimental approach. Engineering Structures 2021, 231, 111742 .
AMA StyleBenjamín Torres, Salvador Ivorra, F. Javier Baeza, Luis Estevan, Borja Varona. Textile reinforced mortars (TRM) for repairing and retrofitting masonry walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loads. An experimental approach. Engineering Structures. 2021; 231 ():111742.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenjamín Torres; Salvador Ivorra; F. Javier Baeza; Luis Estevan; Borja Varona. 2021. "Textile reinforced mortars (TRM) for repairing and retrofitting masonry walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loads. An experimental approach." Engineering Structures 231, no. : 111742.
The mechanical properties of stone materials can be severely affected by exposure to high temperatures. The effect of fire on stone buildings could cause irreversible damage and make it necessary to retrofit the affected elements. Particularly, the strengthening of columns by confinement with composites has been widely improved during the last decades. Today, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement represents a very interesting alternative to traditional steel solutions. This work studied the behavior of cylindrical stone specimens subjected to real fire action and confined by means of CFRP or GFRP jackets, with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of these reinforcement systems applied to a material that has previously been seriously damaged by high temperature exposure. In general, the strengthened samples showed notable increases in strength and ductility. The response seemed to depend basically on the FRP properties and not on the degree of damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the results obtained experimentally were compared with the confinement models proposed by the available design guides, in order to evaluate the accuracy that these models can offer under the different situations addressed in this research.
Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers 2020, 12, 2367 .
AMA StyleLuis Estevan, F. Javier Baeza, Francisco B. Varona, Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2367.
The current experimental study is focused on the mechanical performance of masonry walls under in-plane cyclic shear forces. All specimens were fabricated with a central window, in which the geometry considered the recommendations of the Spanish structural seismic design code. Windows represent a weak area in the masonry structure, in which there are stress concentrations responsible for crack initiation. In order to improve the mechanical strength and ductility, a reinforcement with a Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) was used on both sides of the wall. The performance of the unreinforced and reinforced masonry has been discussed in terms of strength and ductility gain, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity. The experimental tests comprised an initial vertical preload, and shear cycles with increasing amplitude. All tests were monitored by means of traditional displacement transducers, and digital image correlation. The analysis of the images showed the time evolution of the overall crack distribution. The TRM effect could be observed as an increase of the mechanical strength (maximum shear from 120 kN to more than 300 kN), higher displacements (drift from 9 to 35 mm), and more energy dissipation (the cumulative energy loss from 2.7 to 12.7 kN·m). In addition, the TRM reinforcements were capable of controlling the crack initiation and growth. The widespread crack along mortar joints observed in the unreinforced masonry became localized cracks (from the window’s corners mainly), in which crack growth direction was not determined by masonry joints.
Salvador Ivorra; Benjamín Torres; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru. In-plane shear cyclic behavior of windowed masonry walls reinforced with textile reinforced mortars. Engineering Structures 2020, 226, 111343 .
AMA StyleSalvador Ivorra, Benjamín Torres, F. Javier Baeza, David Bru. In-plane shear cyclic behavior of windowed masonry walls reinforced with textile reinforced mortars. Engineering Structures. 2020; 226 ():111343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvador Ivorra; Benjamín Torres; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru. 2020. "In-plane shear cyclic behavior of windowed masonry walls reinforced with textile reinforced mortars." Engineering Structures 226, no. : 111343.
Estimation problems are frequent in several fields such as engineering, economics, and physics, etc. Linear and non-linear regression are powerful techniques based on optimizing an error defined over a dataset. Although they have a strong theoretical background, the need of supposing an analytical expression sometimes makes them impractical. Consequently, a group of other approaches and methodologies are available, from neural networks to random forest, etc. This work presents a new methodology to increase the number of available numerical techniques and corresponds to a natural evolution of the previous algorithms for regression based on finite elements developed by the authors improving the computational behavior and allowing the study of problems with a greater number of points. It possesses an interesting characteristic: Its direct and clear geometrical meaning. The modelling problem is presented from the point of view of the statistical analysis of the data noise considered as a random field. The goodness of fit of the generated models has been tested and compared with some other methodologies validating the results with some experimental campaigns obtained from bibliography in the engineering field, showing good approximation. In addition, a small variation on the data estimation algorithm allows studying overfitting in a model, that it is a problematic fact when numerical methods are used to model experimental values.
Francisco José Navarro-González; Yolanda Villacampa; Mónica Cortés-Molina; Salvador Ivorra. Numerical Non-Linear Modelling Algorithm Using Radial Kernels on Local Mesh Support. Mathematics 2020, 8, 1600 .
AMA StyleFrancisco José Navarro-González, Yolanda Villacampa, Mónica Cortés-Molina, Salvador Ivorra. Numerical Non-Linear Modelling Algorithm Using Radial Kernels on Local Mesh Support. Mathematics. 2020; 8 (9):1600.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco José Navarro-González; Yolanda Villacampa; Mónica Cortés-Molina; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "Numerical Non-Linear Modelling Algorithm Using Radial Kernels on Local Mesh Support." Mathematics 8, no. 9: 1600.
In Cuba, tons of construction and demolition waste (CDW) are generated during urban construction and reconstruction activities every year. The use of CDW, such as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), in pavement construction is a viable solution to preserve the consumption of natural aggregates (NA), and to minimize the impact of landfill. The main objective of this work is to obtain a 5–10 mm aggregate fraction of RCA and RAP, to obtain an appropriate recycled coarse aggregate for manufacturing hot mix asphalt (HMA). Each source of RCA, RAP and NA, and the combinations RCA/RAP (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0) were characterized (moisture, asphalt content of RAP, specific gravity, water absorption, and flakiness index) for determining a better combination. The results showed that the combination (RCA/RAP) that best meets the NA aggregates specifications used for hot mix asphalt were RCA/RAP: 25/75 and 50/50. The results show the possibility of combining both wastes to obtain a coarse aggregate fraction with a high environmental benefit, by reducing the use of natural resources.
Jessika Morales Fournier; Debora Acosta Álvarez; Anadelys Alonso Aenlle; Antonio Tenza-Abril; Salvador Ivorra. Combining Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) from Cuba to Obtain a Coarse Aggregate Fraction. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 .
AMA StyleJessika Morales Fournier, Debora Acosta Álvarez, Anadelys Alonso Aenlle, Antonio Tenza-Abril, Salvador Ivorra. Combining Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) from Cuba to Obtain a Coarse Aggregate Fraction. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessika Morales Fournier; Debora Acosta Álvarez; Anadelys Alonso Aenlle; Antonio Tenza-Abril; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "Combining Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) from Cuba to Obtain a Coarse Aggregate Fraction." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5356.
Architectural heritage is usually built with masonry structures, which present problems under lateral in-plane loading conditions, such as wind pressure or earthquakes. In order to improve the shear behavior of masonry, the use of a fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) has become an interesting solution because of its synergy of mechanical properties and compatibility with masonry substrates. For a proper structural evaluation, the mechanical behavior of reinforced masonry and the FRCM itself needs to be characterized. Hence, a numerical model to evaluate the FRCM reinforcement requires some mechanical parameters that may be difficult to obtain. In this sense, the shear behavior of masonry can be evaluated by means of diagonal tension tests on small specimens (71 × 71 cm). In this work, a digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring system was used to control displacements and cracking patterns of masonry specimens under shear stress (induced by diagonal tension with FRCM layers) applied to one or two sides. In addition, the mechanical behavior of FRCM coupons under uniaxial tensile tests was also registered with DIC. The displacement measurements obtained by DIC were validated with the measurements registered with LVDT. Unlike LVDT-based techniques, DIC monitoring allowed us to measure deformations in masonry during the full test, detecting crack initiation even before it was visible to the eye.
Benjamín Torres; Francisco B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; Salvador Ivorra. Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation. Sensors 2020, 20, 2122 .
AMA StyleBenjamín Torres, Francisco B. Varona, F. Javier Baeza, David Bru, Salvador Ivorra. Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation. Sensors. 2020; 20 (7):2122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenjamín Torres; Francisco B. Varona; F. Javier Baeza; David Bru; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation." Sensors 20, no. 7: 2122.
There are many available studies on the reinforcement of columns by confinement with composite materials. However, in the particular case of stone elements, there is a lack of information regarding the performance of this solution under adverse conditions, which may occur during the life service of the structure. In this research, the confinement of calcarenite samples with a Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) jacket has been studied in different scenarios, which simulate real conditions of structural retrofitting works. Specifically, the FRP’s efficiency was assessed in water saturation specimens, in damaged samples due to previous load, or the FRP jacket was casted directly in preloaded stone columns. As a general conclusion, FRP could improve notably the compressive strength of the unconfined material. In addition, the mechanical behavior seemed to depend on the FRP properties rather than the actual damage suffered by the rock core.
Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Antonio Maciá; Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2020, 1 -14.
AMA StyleLuis Estevan, F. Javier Baeza, Antonio Maciá, Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2020; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Antonio Maciá; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-14.
The bond mechanism between steel and concrete can be compromised during a fire and is one of the least investigated phenomena in concrete research. In this work we present a thorough review of the experimental data available on this topic. The results from the tests reported by a number of researchers have been systematically collected in a database. This work also reports the results obtained in the bond strength tests carried out on four batches of normal and high strength concretes exposed to temperatures up to 825 °C. The database provides the source for a multiple regression analysis which is performed in order to define a model aimed at predicting the bond strength as a function of several variables: the exposure temperature, the concrete compressive strength at ambient temperature, the type of fibre addition, the fibre volume fraction, the age at testing, the bond length and the concrete cover of the steel bar. Based on different error measurements, our model is favourably compared to the set of experimental results reported here and also other prediction models reported in the literature.
F.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 249, 118713 .
AMA StyleF.B. Varona, F.J. Baeza, D. Bru, S. Ivorra. Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 249 ():118713.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.B. Varona; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. 2020. "Non-linear multivariable model for predicting the steel to concrete bond after high temperature exposure." Construction and Building Materials 249, no. : 118713.
The main objective of this work is to evaluate the properties of hot asphalt mixtures that have been manufactured with different recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) percentages (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the fraction 5–13 mm) and asphalt (4%, 4.5% and 5%). Dense asphalt mixtures were made; partially replacing the natural aggregate (NA) fraction between 5 and 13 mm. Marshall specimens were manufactured to determine the main properties of the asphalt concrete (AC) in terms of density, voids, stability and deformation. Additionally, the optimal asphalt content (OAC) was determined, and measured the water sensibility, the stiffness modulus and the permanent deformation. The results corroborate the potential for using these sources of construction and demolition waste (CDW) as a RCA in asphalt concrete and show that the hot asphalt mixtures with up to 40% substitution of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate in the fraction 5–13 mm present good behavior.
Debora Acosta Álvarez; Anadelys Alonso Aenlle; Antonio José Tenza-Abril; Salvador Ivorra. Influence of Partial Coarse Fraction Substitution of Natural Aggregate by Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Hot Asphalt Mixtures. Sustainability 2019, 12, 250 .
AMA StyleDebora Acosta Álvarez, Anadelys Alonso Aenlle, Antonio José Tenza-Abril, Salvador Ivorra. Influence of Partial Coarse Fraction Substitution of Natural Aggregate by Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Hot Asphalt Mixtures. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDebora Acosta Álvarez; Anadelys Alonso Aenlle; Antonio José Tenza-Abril; Salvador Ivorra. 2019. "Influence of Partial Coarse Fraction Substitution of Natural Aggregate by Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Hot Asphalt Mixtures." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 250.
In the last decades, there are many reports on the use of composites as reinforcement of structural elements under compression, especially regarding the confinement of concrete structures, but works on stone or masonry columns are limited. Initially, FRP jackets were used because their high structural performance. However, they present some drawbacks like aesthetics or water impermeability, which can affect their applicability in historical constructions made in stone. Recently, FRCM appeared as an alternative with better compatibility with masonry structures. In the present study, a comparison between different composite materials to confine masonry specimens was made. FRPs with carbon or glass fibers and epoxy matrix, and FRCM with basalt or glass fiber mesh in a cementitious matrix were used to confine masonry, made in calcarenite cylindrical pieces and lime mortar. Strength and ductility gains under compressive loads were measured, and compared to the recommendations of different guidelines. Unidirectional FRPs were the optimal solution from a strengthening point of view. On the other hand, FRCM confinement offered more ductility than unreinforced masonry, but showed a softening behavior. Finally, regarding the studied design codes, the specific parameters included for masonry structures seemed enough to obtain accurate predictions of the compressive strength increase due to the confinement with the tested composites.
Luis Estevan; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. Stone masonry confinement with FRP and FRCM composites. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 237, 117612 .
AMA StyleLuis Estevan, F.J. Baeza, D. Bru, S. Ivorra. Stone masonry confinement with FRP and FRCM composites. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 237 ():117612.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Estevan; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. 2019. "Stone masonry confinement with FRP and FRCM composites." Construction and Building Materials 237, no. : 117612.
Reinforced concrete slabs are an essential part of high-rise structures and are designed to withstand the loads to which they are subjected. However, concrete slabs may fail due to punching shear, which is one of the greatest risks they face. This type of failure, hard to predict, befalls almost instantaneously and may lead to catastrophic consequences. In this paper, ABAQUS is used to analyse a series of non-linear numerical models to simulate the punching shear effect on reinforced bolt-retrofitted concrete flat slabs whose bolts are arranged in three different positions around the support. To start with, an initial calibration of a finite element model was carried out with experimental results reported by Adetifa and Polak. Next, a parametric analysis was performed to determine the influence of the retrofitting geometrical parameters. For this purpose, over two hundred models were created with the help of an automation algorithm programmed in Python. Our parametric study shows that a shear-bolt radial layout may be most adequate for retrofitting slab-to-column connections in which the phenomenon of punching shear is likely to occur. Moreover, the distance between the first pair of bolts and the column’s face is recommended to be approximately five times the diameter of the shear bolts.
M. Navarro; S. Ivorra; F.B. Varona. Parametric finite element analysis of punching shear behaviour of RC slabs reinforced with bolts. Computers & Structures 2019, 228, 106147 .
AMA StyleM. Navarro, S. Ivorra, F.B. Varona. Parametric finite element analysis of punching shear behaviour of RC slabs reinforced with bolts. Computers & Structures. 2019; 228 ():106147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Navarro; S. Ivorra; F.B. Varona. 2019. "Parametric finite element analysis of punching shear behaviour of RC slabs reinforced with bolts." Computers & Structures 228, no. : 106147.
Javier Pereiro-Barceló; José Antonio López-Juárez; Salvador Ivorra; Jose L. Bonet. Experimental analysis of longitudinal shear between the web and flanges of T-beams made of fibre-reinforced concrete. Engineering Structures 2019, 196, 1 .
AMA StyleJavier Pereiro-Barceló, José Antonio López-Juárez, Salvador Ivorra, Jose L. Bonet. Experimental analysis of longitudinal shear between the web and flanges of T-beams made of fibre-reinforced concrete. Engineering Structures. 2019; 196 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Pereiro-Barceló; José Antonio López-Juárez; Salvador Ivorra; Jose L. Bonet. 2019. "Experimental analysis of longitudinal shear between the web and flanges of T-beams made of fibre-reinforced concrete." Engineering Structures 196, no. : 1.
This work describes a new procedure aimed to semi-automatically identify clusters of active persistent scatterers and preliminarily associate them with different potential types of deformational processes over wide areas. This procedure consists of three main modules: (i) ADAfinder, aimed at the detection of Active Deformation Areas (ADA) using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data; (ii) LOS2HV, focused on the decomposition of Line Of Sight (LOS) displacements from ascending and descending PSI datasets into vertical and east-west components; iii) ADAclassifier, that semi-automatically categorizes each ADA into potential deformational processes using the outputs derived from (i) and (ii), as well as ancillary external information. The proposed procedure enables infrastructures management authorities to identify, classify, monitor and categorize the most critical deformations measured by PSI techniques in order to provide the capacity for implementing prevention and mitigation actions over wide areas against geological threats. Zeri, Campiglia Marittima–Suvereto and Abbadia San Salvatore (Tuscany, central Italy) are used as case studies for illustrating the developed methodology. Three PSI datasets derived from the Sentinel-1 constellation have been used, jointly with the geological map of Italy (scale 1:50,000), the updated Italian landslide and land subsidence maps (scale 1:25,000), a 25 m grid Digital Elevation Model, and a cadastral vector map (scale 1:5,000). The application to these cases of the proposed workflow demonstrates its capability to quickly process wide areas in very short times and a high compatibility with Geographical Information System (GIS) environments for data visualization and representation. The derived products are of key interest for infrastructures and land management as well as decision-making at a regional scale.
Roberto Tomás; José Ignacio Pagán; José A. Navarro; Miguel Cano; José Luis Pastor; Adrián Riquelme; María Cuevas-González; Michele Crosetto; Anna Barra; Oriol Monserrat; Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez; Alfredo Ramón; Salvador Ivorra; Matteo Del Soldato; Lorenzo Solari; Silvia Bianchini; Federico Raspini; Fabrizio Novali; Alessandro Ferretti; Mario Costantini; Francesco Trillo; Gerardo Herrera; Nicola Casagli. Semi-Automatic Identification and Pre-Screening of Geological–Geotechnical Deformational Processes Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Datasets. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1675 .
AMA StyleRoberto Tomás, José Ignacio Pagán, José A. Navarro, Miguel Cano, José Luis Pastor, Adrián Riquelme, María Cuevas-González, Michele Crosetto, Anna Barra, Oriol Monserrat, Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez, Alfredo Ramón, Salvador Ivorra, Matteo Del Soldato, Lorenzo Solari, Silvia Bianchini, Federico Raspini, Fabrizio Novali, Alessandro Ferretti, Mario Costantini, Francesco Trillo, Gerardo Herrera, Nicola Casagli. Semi-Automatic Identification and Pre-Screening of Geological–Geotechnical Deformational Processes Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Datasets. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (14):1675.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberto Tomás; José Ignacio Pagán; José A. Navarro; Miguel Cano; José Luis Pastor; Adrián Riquelme; María Cuevas-González; Michele Crosetto; Anna Barra; Oriol Monserrat; Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez; Alfredo Ramón; Salvador Ivorra; Matteo Del Soldato; Lorenzo Solari; Silvia Bianchini; Federico Raspini; Fabrizio Novali; Alessandro Ferretti; Mario Costantini; Francesco Trillo; Gerardo Herrera; Nicola Casagli. 2019. "Semi-Automatic Identification and Pre-Screening of Geological–Geotechnical Deformational Processes Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Datasets." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14: 1675.
Recent years have seen a growing interest toward implementation and testing of structural health monitoring techniques for cultural heritage structures, and many scientific papers report on the application of operational modal strategies as an effective knowledge-based tool for vulnerability reduction of masonry buildings. Focusing on historic masonry bell-towers, being such structures particularly prone to earthquake-induced damage, the most part of the studies discuss structural monitoring and vibration-based identification methods with the goal of their seismic protection. As a consequence, while there is great number of researches that investigate masonry towers behaviour under earthquake loads, only a few scientific papers discuss their structural response under service loads such as bell-loads. This issue is also of paramount importance, since in many real cases the bell-ringing has been stopped due to the dynamic interaction phenomena that are activate between the bells and the host structure. With the aim to contribute of improving the knowledge in this field, this paper focuses on a methodology for the study of the dynamic interaction between bells and slender masonry towers. The proposed methodology is divided into four phases: (i) Geometric and structural characterization of the tower and bells; (ii) Evaluation of the dynamic forces generated by the swinging bells; (iii) Experimental campaign to characterize the dynamic properties of the tower by means of operational modal analysis; (iv) Parametric finite element analysis. To illustrate the methodology, a real case of masonry bell-tower in which bell-ringing had to be stopped due to a history of strong vibrations is discussed. The paper includes a method of analysing the dynamic properties of masonry bell-towers, in which the dynamic interaction between the harmonic bell forces and the fundamental tower modes is analysed by means of a calibrated numerical model and the dynamic amplification factor.
David Bru; Salvador Ivorra; Michele Betti; Jose M. Adam; Gianni Bartoli. Parametric dynamic interaction assessment between bells and supporting slender masonry tower. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2019, 129, 235 -249.
AMA StyleDavid Bru, Salvador Ivorra, Michele Betti, Jose M. Adam, Gianni Bartoli. Parametric dynamic interaction assessment between bells and supporting slender masonry tower. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 2019; 129 ():235-249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Bru; Salvador Ivorra; Michele Betti; Jose M. Adam; Gianni Bartoli. 2019. "Parametric dynamic interaction assessment between bells and supporting slender masonry tower." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 129, no. : 235-249.
This paper presents the analysis of the dynamic performances of a simple model related to a squat masonry tower situated in the Swabian Castle of Trani (Italy). The main objective of this paper is to introduce a novel strategy based on a simple model validated by experimental data for defining the influence of the excitation frequency on the structural damping dynamic transmission. To this aim, first, the accelerations have been acquired simultaneously in 23 points of the tower at different levels, both due to environmental vibrations and due to a series of sinusoidal forced vibrations applied at the base by using an electro‐hydraulic shaker device specifically designed for the tests. Four different excitation frequencies have been then selected for exciting the structure. An operational modal analysis has been carried out by the environmental recordings and with the different forcing loads obtaining a very good correlation of the identified frequencies in all the cases. Then a digital filtering process has been applied over all the recorded signals to evaluate the specific contribution for each frequency generated by the shaking device at each level of the tower. Increments of damping ratio have been detected with these forced vibrations at the base. Finally, a simple frame numerical model has been developed to reproduce the dynamic amplification at the most significant locations of the tower. It has been updated not only to have the same main frequencies and modal shapes but also to get a similar response under forced vibrations at the base. A good correlation has been obtained between the model and the real structure for the base forced vibrations at different excitation frequencies in order to correctly predict the dynamic behaviour of the structure.
Salvador Ivorra; Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro; Dora Foti. Simple model for predicting the vibration transmission of a squat masonry tower by base forced vibrations. Structural Control and Health Monitoring 2019, 26, e2360 .
AMA StyleSalvador Ivorra, Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro, Dora Foti. Simple model for predicting the vibration transmission of a squat masonry tower by base forced vibrations. Structural Control and Health Monitoring. 2019; 26 (6):e2360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvador Ivorra; Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro; Dora Foti. 2019. "Simple model for predicting the vibration transmission of a squat masonry tower by base forced vibrations." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 26, no. 6: e2360.
The present study shows a cheap and simple methodology to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a reinforced concrete bell tower built in 1974 made of concrete structural elements and brick masonry walls. The bell swinging vibrations on the tower are evident and they can be visually observed even without the use of any equipment. In this case a possible interaction between the bells’ swinging and the tower vibration has been dynamically identified by the methodology here proposed. An experimental campaign was carried out on the bell tower to record the environmental vibrations and the accelerations induced by the movement of the bells during their swinging. In order to develop the methodology here proposed, the main characteristics of the bells have been measured and the time history force generated by each bell during the swing has been evaluated. A numerical model of the tower has been developed and calibrated by the Operational Modal Analysis technique. The model has then been validated utilizing the acceleration time-histories recorded under forced excitations. Dynamic analyses have been carried out on the bell tower and the dynamic amplification factor (DAF) has been determined. From the results it is noticed that the bell tower does not comply with its maximum capacity due to the dynamic interaction with the bells swinging as evidenced by the presence of cracks on the facades of the tower. This paper highlights the dynamic problems that bells can cause to slender bell towers and proposes a simple and cheap solution.
Salvador Ivorra; Dora Foti; Valentina Gallo; Vitantonio Vacca; David Bru. Bell’s dynamic interaction on a reinforced concrete bell tower. Engineering Structures 2019, 183, 965 -975.
AMA StyleSalvador Ivorra, Dora Foti, Valentina Gallo, Vitantonio Vacca, David Bru. Bell’s dynamic interaction on a reinforced concrete bell tower. Engineering Structures. 2019; 183 ():965-975.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvador Ivorra; Dora Foti; Valentina Gallo; Vitantonio Vacca; David Bru. 2019. "Bell’s dynamic interaction on a reinforced concrete bell tower." Engineering Structures 183, no. : 965-975.
Many European heritage and modern buildings have a very high seismic vulnerability due to their masonry-based structural system. Although these structures have a low capacity to resist tension or shear stresses, even nowadays some new buildings are using these materials as structural system in many seismic areas. The main objective of this paper is the use of high order ANSYS code 3D elements in the numerical modelling of masonry structures. For this purpose, FE models corresponding to standard tests were made and calibrated using results of experimental tests. In particular, this document will analyze the resistant behavior to uniaxial and diagonal compression in brick samples. The numerical micromodel has been developed using non-linear hexaedrical 8 and 20 nodes tridimensional elements to represent brick and mortar, such as solid185 and solid186, in contrast to traditional FE models which use element solid65 as finite element to represent masonry behavior. Drucker-Prager and Rankine models have been used to study the compression-tension failure surface, adding a linear hardening-softening-dilatation behavior. Moreover, fracture-energies based cohesive zones have been added to contacts between mortar and bricks, in order to allow debonding failure between these two materials. These modelling methods prove to be a valid technique to simulate brick masonry behavior according to experimental results and will be used as a base to develop future parametric FEM analysis to study TRM reinforced masonry specimens.
J.I. Gisbert; D. Bru; A. Gonzalez; S. Ivorra. Masonry micromodels using high order 3D elements. Procedia Structural Integrity 2018, 11, 428 -435.
AMA StyleJ.I. Gisbert, D. Bru, A. Gonzalez, S. Ivorra. Masonry micromodels using high order 3D elements. Procedia Structural Integrity. 2018; 11 ():428-435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.I. Gisbert; D. Bru; A. Gonzalez; S. Ivorra. 2018. "Masonry micromodels using high order 3D elements." Procedia Structural Integrity 11, no. : 428-435.
This paper presents the dynamic experimental campaign carried out on a stocky masonry clock tower situated in the Swabian Castle of Trani (Italy). The main objective of this paper is, after estimating the main frequencies and vibration modes of the considered structure, defining the transmission of vibrations along the height of the tower by varying the forced frequency at the base. At this aim, short acceleration records have been acquired simultaneously in 20 points of the tower at different levels, due to a series of sinusoidal forced vibrations applied at the base by using a pneumatic shaker device specify designed for the tests. The proposed procedure permit to extract for each monitored point the amplitude of the sinusoidal component related to the excitation frequency and the phase shift due to the structure damping. The results of the proposed procedure are compared with the results of a classical operational modal analysis in environmental conditions in order to demonstrate that the short forced tests permit to classify the typology of the structure mode shapes.
Mariella Diaferio; Dora Foti; Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro; Salvador Ivorra Ivorra. Measuring the modal parameters of a cultural heritage tower by using strong-motion signals. ACTA IMEKO 2018, 7, 86 -94.
AMA StyleMariella Diaferio, Dora Foti, Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro, Salvador Ivorra Ivorra. Measuring the modal parameters of a cultural heritage tower by using strong-motion signals. ACTA IMEKO. 2018; 7 (3):86-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariella Diaferio; Dora Foti; Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro; Salvador Ivorra Ivorra. 2018. "Measuring the modal parameters of a cultural heritage tower by using strong-motion signals." ACTA IMEKO 7, no. 3: 86-94.