Background/Objectives: In this study, a vision transformer (ViT) based ensemble architecture was developed for the classification of normal, benign, and malignant diseases from breast ultrasound images. The breast ultrasound images (BUSI) dataset was used for the implementation of the proposed method. This dataset includes 133 normal, 437 benign, and 210 malignant ultrasound images. Methods: ROI segmentation and image preprocessing were applied to the dataset to select only the tumor region and use it in the model. Thus, a better performance was achieved using only the lesion regions. Image augmentation was performed using the Albumentations library to increase the number of images. Feature extraction was performed on the obtained images using three ViT-based models (ViT-Base, DeiT, ViT-Small). The purpose of using three different models is to achieve high accuracy. The extracted features were classified using a multilayer perceptron (MLP). Training was performed using 10-fold stratified cross-validation. Results: The purpose of stratified cross-validation is to include a certain number of images from all three classes in each cross-validation proposed model provided 96.2% precision and 86.3% recall for the benign class and 92.9% recall and 76.4% precision for the malignant class. The normal class achieved 100% success. The area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.97, 0.96, and 1.00 for benign and malignant tumors, respectively, and 1.00 for normal tumors. Conclusions: The ROI-based ViT + MLP + Ensemble architecture provided higher accuracy and explainability compared to traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) based methods in medical image classification. It demonstrated a stable success, especially in minority classes, and presented a potential, reliable, and flexible solution in clinical decision support systems.

Objective: The present study aimed to compare C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil/albumin ratio (NAR), platelet/leukocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) and Ranson criteria associated with inflammation in acute pancreatitis (AP). Thus, the study aimed to analyze the significance ranking of these parameters in terms of disease severity. Method: The present retrospective study was conducted after the ethics committee approval was obtained. The study included 221 AP patients visited hospital between 01.01.2018 and 31.12.2023. The patients were categorized into two groups based on Ranson criteria: Group 1 (Ranson≤2, n=147) and Group 2 (Ranson≥3, n=74). Basic participant demographics, laboratory reports, CRP, NLR, NAR, PLR, SII, SIRI and hospitalization periods were recorded in a data form, and the findings were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between the groups based on gender (p=0.094). The Group 2 patients were older (p<0.001) than the ones in Group 1. Furthermore, CRP (p=0.001), NLR (p<0.001), NAR (p<0.001), PLR (p<0.001), SII (p<0.001) and SIRI (p<0.001) were higher in Group 2 patients when compared to Group 1. Also, the hospitalization period was significantly longer in Group 2 (p<0.001) compared to Group 1. Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that the CRP, NAR, PLR, NLR, SII and SIRI findings were significantly higher in AP patients with a Ranson criteria ≥ 3, and a positive correlation was found between Ranson criteria and inflammatory parameters.

Background and Objectives: Human data on obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain limited and inconsistent, particularly with respect to adiposity-related phenotypes and renal involvement. We aimed to assess PNX-14 across body mass index (BMI) categories and to investigate its associations with BMI, insulin resistance indicators, and proteinuria in adults with T2DM. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, participants were classified into four groups according to World Health Organization body mass index (BMI) thresholds: 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, and ≥35.0 kg/m². Serum PNX-14 was measured using a human ELISA kit. Group comparisons, trend analysis, false discovery rate-adjusted Spearman correlations, HC3-robust multivariable regression, and parsimonious structural equation modeling were performed. Results: PNX-14 differed significantly across BMI categories and increased monotonically with increasing BMI (p < 0.001 for both the overall comparison and the trend). PNX-14 showed a positive correlation with BMI (ρ = 0.491; qFDR < 0.001), whereas no significant relationship was observed with insulin or HOMA-IR after FDR correction (qFDR = 0.795 for insulin and qFDR = 0.793 for HOMA-IR). In the model adjusted for age, sex, and BMI, higher PNX-14 was independently associated with lower proteinuria (β = −0.326, 95% CI −0.584 to −0.067; p < 0.05), whereas BMI was positively associated with proteinuria (β = 0.407, 95% CI 0.132 to 0.682; p < 0.01). Structural equation modeling supported positive BMI→PNX-14 and BMI → proteinuria paths, a negative PNX-14→proteinuria path, and a non-significant PNX-14→HOMA-IR path. Conclusions: In adults with T2DM, PNX-14 appears to be more consistently related to adiposity than to glycemic or insulin resistance indicators. However, when evaluated together with proteinuria, it may offer a testable framework for phenotyping based on renal involvement within the obesity spectrum. Nevertheless, this approach needs to be validated in studies from different centers and with repeated measurements.

Objective: The relationship between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and HbA1c has been the subject of many recent studies. However, there are serious inconsistencies among studies in the literature. Our aim is to investigate how HbA1c levels are affected before and after treatment in diabetic patients diagnosed with IDA and to clarify unresolved issue. Methods: This retrospective analysis was conducted on 899 patients diagnosed with IDA and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). A total of 166 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Participants were divided into three groups: those receiving intravenous iron therapy, those receiving oral iron therapy, and those not receiving any treatment. Results: The study included 166 patients, 104 of whom were female (62.7%) and 62 were male (37.3%). The average age of the patients was 59.10 ± 13.31 years. In all groups—IV, oral, and no treatment—the second glucose measurement showed a significant increase compared to the first (p

Bu kitap, güncel genel dahiliye çalışmalarını içermektedir. Editörlüğünü Ali Kemal Kadıroğlu yapmıştır. İçerisinde yer alan çalışmalar, genel dahiliye alanında güncel bilgileri ve tedavi yöntemlerini ele almaktadır. Kitapta yer alan bölümler arasında D vitamini eksikliği ve tedavisi, hiperkalsemi tanı ve tedavisi, renovasküler hipertansiyon, otozomal dominant polikistik böbrek hastalığı, yaşlılıkta gelişen fizyolojik değişiklikler, kronik tromboembolik pulmoner hipertansiyon, irritabl barsak sendromu ve güncel tedavi stratejileri gibi konular yer almaktadır. Kitap, sağlık alanında çalışanlar ve genel olarak ilgilenenler için faydalı bir kaynak olabilir. This book contains current general internal medicine studies. It is edited by Ali Kemal Kadıroğlu. The chapters in the book cover topics such as vitamin D deficiency and treatment, diagnosis and treatment of hypercalcemia, renovascular hypertension, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, physiological changes in old age, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, irritable bowel syndrome, and current treatment strategies. The book can be a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and anyone interested in the field of medicine.

Bu kitap, güncel genel dahiliye çalışmalarını içermektedir. Editörlüğünü Ali Kemal Kadiroğlu yapmıştır. Kitapta yer alan bölümler arasında adrenal kriz, akut ishal, anoreksiya nervoza ve mikrobiyota ilişkisi, diyabetik ayak ve tedavisi, gut hastalığı, koroner arter anatomisi, kronik ishal gibi konular ele alınmaktadır. Kitap, genel dahiliye alanında güncel çalışmaları içermesiyle önemli bir kaynak olarak değerlendirilebilir. This book contains current general internal medicine studies. It is edited by Ali Kemal Kadiroğlu. The chapters in the book cover topics such as adrenal crisis, acute diarrhea, anorexia nervosa and microbiota relationship, diabetic foot and its treatment, gout disease, coronary artery anatomy, chronic diarrhea. The book can be considered as an important resource for its inclusion of current studies in the field of general internal medicine.