The aim of this article is to examine existing technologies for the use of electrical energy and to develop proposals for their improvement on maritime vessels. As a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of alternative energy sources on ships, factors such as greenhouse gas emissions levels, production and transportation characteristics, onboard storage conditions, and technoeconomic indicators have been proposed. The analysis of fuel types reveals that hydrogen has zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, transportation and storage issues, along with the high investment required for implementation, pose barriers to the widespread use of hydrogen as fuel for maritime vessels. This article demonstrates that solar energy can serve as an alternative to gases and liquid fuels in maritime transport. The technologies and challenges in utilizing solar energy for shipping are analyzed, trends in solar energy for maritime transport are discussed, and future research directions for the use of solar energy in the maritime sector are proposed. The most significant findings include the identification of future research directions in the application of solar energy in the maritime sector, including the adaptation of concentrated solar power (CSP) systems for maritime applications; the development of materials and designs for solar panels specifically tailored to marine conditions; the development of methods for assessing the long-term economic benefits of using solar energy on vessels; and the creation of regulatory frameworks and international standards for the use of solar energy on ships. Furthermore, for hybrid photovoltaic and diesel power systems, promising research directions could include efforts to implement direct torque control systems instead of field-orientated control systems, as well as working on compensating higher harmonics in the phase current spectra of asynchronous motors.

As the cost of conventional energy continues to rise, and concerns over the environment grow, there is a growing interest in sustainable energy. It is believed that conventional energy will only last for around 50 years, making it essential to find a renewable energy source that is safe and feasible to replace fossil fuels. Solar energy is a superior alternative to conventional energy, as it is renewable and produces green energy that can be used directly. The maritime industry has found itself at the forefront of an evolving environmental consciousness, driven by the imperative to mitigate the carbon footprint left in the wake of ships. In this journey towards sustainability, solar energy has emerged as a beacon of hope, harnessing the boundless energy of the sun to wean vessels off their dependence on fossil fuels. Technological advancements have made solar power more accessible, and we can now see the use of solar panels on large ships and small crafts to reduce fuel usage and emissions. Solar panels are also increasingly used to power homes and businesses, and many countries are implementing policies to encourage their use. Solar energy is a key solution in reducing our dependence on non-renewable energy sources and combating climate change. However, the adoption of solar energy is but a stepping stone towards maritime sustainability, as the integration of CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies promises to amplify the industry's environmental impact to unprecedented heights.

This article addresses the operational challenges facing maritime vessels in the context of decarbonization, with a focus on developing staged recommendations for the integration of power limitation systems and alternative fuels. The systematisation of existing decarbonization problems in the maritime sector and the establishment of their interrelationships constitute the framework for developing coherent decarbonization strategies for the industry. The analysis of alternative fuels identifies the key factors that drive fuel selection in practice. The analysis of contemporary energy consumption regulation technologies has shown that power limitation systems operating through controllable pitch propellers (CPP), integrated with electronic remote-control systems, provide the highest flexibility in managing propulsion characteristics without altering engine rotational speed. The comparative analysis of the engine power limitation (EPL) and shaft power limitation (SHaPoLi) systems has confirmed that SHaPoLi offers a greater potential for reducing fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions; however, it comes at higher capital expenditure at the implementation stage. Pairing power limitation with alternative fuels shows that deep cuts in the sector’s carbon footprint are within reach. The economic analysis of power limitation system deployment has revealed the potential for achieving considerable operational cost savings, with a balanced consideration of capital investments and operational benefits. Future research should target the optimisation of EPL and SHaPoLi systems and their integration with other energy-saving technologies. Transitioning to alternative fuels in parallel offers the greatest cumulative reduction in the sector’s carbon footprint.

Анотація. Актуальність. Визначення параметрів моделей об’єкта керування за його перехідними характеристиками, отриманими в результаті активного експерименту, широко застосовується в інженерній практиці при налаштуванні параметрів регулятора системи керування. Однак ручна обробка графіків перехідних характеристик має певні недоліки і тому актуальним є застосування спеціалізованих програм на ПК. Мета. Розглянути на прикладах доцільність ідентифікації параметрів моделей об’єкта керування за результатами обробки перехідних характеристик в пакеті програм System Identification Toolbox середовища Matlab та провести моделювання систем регулювання, параметри регуляторів яких розраховані за результатами цієї ідентифікації. Метод. В якості методів дослідження обрані ідентифікація та моделювання об’єкта та системи регулювання із застосуванням програм System Identification Toolbox та Simulink. Результати. Наведені приклади визначення параметрів моделей об’єктів керування з самовирівнюванням і без самовирівнювання із застосуванням програми System Identification Toolbox та підтверджена коректність їх визначення шляхом моделювання цих моделей і систем регулювання на їх основі в програмі Simulink. Висновки. Наведені приклади підтвердили доцільність використання програми System Identification Toolbox для визначення параметрів моделей об’єкту керування за його перехідними характеристиками, отриманими в активному експерименті по каналу регулювання. Ця програма може бути рекомендована для підготовки спеціалістів з автоматизації виробничих процесів в отриманні навичок з ідентифікації моделей об’єкту керування.