Background/Objectives: Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancers and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Although cisplatin is a cornerstone chemotherapeutic agent, its clinical effectiveness is limited by drug resistance and systemic toxicity. Capsaicin (CAP), a bioactive phytochemical derived from chili peppers, has demonstrated anticancer activity in several tumor types and has been investigated as a potential adjunct to conventional chemotherapy. Methods: An experimental study was conducted using A549 NSCLC cells and a xenograft mouse model. Cells were treated with CAP (50–300 µM), cisplatin (1 µg/mL), or their combination. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analysis. In vivo, tumor growth inhibition, histopathological alterations, and immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 were assessed. Results: Low CAP concentrations (50–100 µM) slightly increased proliferation, whereas concentrations ≥ 150 µM significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis. Cisplatin monotherapy markedly suppressed proliferation and activated apoptosis. Bliss independence analysis demonstrated concentration-dependent synergy between CAP and cisplatin, with maximal synergy scores reaching 28.1 at 100 µM CAP. Combination treatment at CAP concentrations ≥ 150 µM produced the strongest antiproliferative effect in vitro and the highest tumor growth inhibition in vivo (88%). CAP did not further enhance cisplatin-induced apoptosis but significantly reinforced proliferation suppression with reduced Ki-67 expression. Conclusions: CAP exhibits biphasic dose-dependent effects in NSCLC and enhances cisplatin antitumor efficacy predominantly through proliferation suppression, supporting its further evaluation as an adjunctive phytochemical in cisplatin-based NSCLC therapy.

Objectives: Varicocele is a common cause of male infertility, often associated with oxidative stress and impaired testicular blood flow. This study aimed to evaluate whether orally administered tadalafil, through its cGMP‐mediated vasodilatory and antioxidant effects, can protect against histological damage and altered sperm parameters in a rat model of experimental left varicocele. Methods: Twenty‐four male rats were assigned to three groups: control‐sham (Group 1), left varicocele (Group 2), and left varicocele with daily oral tadalafil administration (Group 3; 1 mg/kg/day by oral gavage). After 75 days, left testicular tissues were harvested for histopathological and apoptotic analysis, and sperm samples were collected from left epididymal tissues. Histopathological evaluation was conducted using the modified Johnsen score, and apoptosis was assessed by the apoptotic index. Sperm count, motility, acrosomal defects, and morphological defects were also analyzed. Results: In our study, Group 2 (varicocele) showed significantly lower modified Johnsen scores ( p = 0.005) and sperm motility ( p = 0.042), and a higher apoptotic index ( p < 0.001) compared to Group 1 (control‐sham). Compared to Group 2, tadalafil treatment in Group 3 significantly improved sperm motility ( p < 0.001) and reduced the apoptotic index ( p = 0.004), while the increase in Johnsen score was not statistically significant ( p = 0.140). The thickness of the tunica media layer was significantly higher in Groups 2 ( p = 0.008) and 3 ( p = 0.004) compared to Group 1, while no difference was observed between Groups 2 and 3. Conclusion: Tadalafil demonstrates potential efficacy in preserving testicular tissue and maintaining sperm parameters against damage induced by varicocele. These findings support further investigation into the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors as adjunctive agents in male reproductive health.

Morphological and skeletal deformities compromise growth, swimming, feeding, welfare, and market value in farmed fish, but externally visible abnormalities may not reveal the underlying tissue lesions. This study characterized naturally occurring deformities in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using integrated macroscopic, radiographic, and histopathological evaluation. A total of 54 morphologically abnormal fish and one clinically normal fish were examined. Deformities were grouped by predominant external region, whole-body radiographs were evaluated for skeletal and structural abnormalities, and affected tissues were processed for routine histopathology. Caudal peduncle or tail-region deformities were most frequent (37.0%), followed by trunk/body deformities (25.9%), head-region deformities (24.1%), and specific or combined deformity patterns (13.0%). Vertebral compression was the dominant radiographic lesion (74.1%), followed by swim bladder anomalies (48.1%), contour irregularities (31.5%), combined deformity patterns (29.6%), and peduncle thickening (25.9%). Histopathology revealed ocular lesions compatible with cataract and microphthalmia, vertebral asymmetry and compression, cartilage and bone disorganization, intervertebral space loss, fibrosis, and skeletal muscle degeneration and atrophy. These findings show that visible deformities often reflect complex skeletal and soft-tissue pathology. Integrating radiography with histopathology provides a more informative framework for deformity assessment and welfare-oriented management in rainbow trout production.