Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks have attracted significant attention as leading candidates for flexible transparent electrodes owing to their unique combination of high electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical compliance. This review presents an overview of recent developments in AgNW-based transparent electrode technologies, with particular emphasis on strategies to improve network conductivity and long-term reliability, including junction engineering, surface modification, encapsulation approaches, and composite structure design. Representative applications in flexible optoelectronic systems, such as organic light-emitting devices, transparent heating elements, and electrochromic platforms, are also discussed. Finally, current challenges and future research directions toward scalable manufacturing and practical implementation of high-performance AgNW electrodes are outlined.

Galvanic corrosion between 42CrMo steel and 410 stainless steel in low-conductivity Yangtze River freshwater was investigated using electrochemical measurements and secondary current distribution modeling. Experimental polarization data were used to establish the electrode kinetics, and the numerical model was calibrated against the measured galvanic current. The effects of cathode-to-anode area ratio (A_c/A_a) and electrode separation (d) were evaluated across 20 geometric configurations. At d = 50 mm, increasing A_c/A_a from 0.5 to 4 increased the total galvanic current from 1.57 × 10⁻⁴ to 4.97 × 10⁻⁴ A and the maximum local anodic current density from 0.078 to 0.270 A m⁻². At A_c/A_a = 1, increasing electrode separation from 10 to 100 mm reduced the total galvanic current by approximately 41%, while the current-localization factor increased. These results demonstrate that electrode geometry governs both the overall galvanic corrosion intensity and the spatial distribution of anodic current. The findings provide a basis for identifying high-risk configurations and optimizing the geometric design of dissimilar-metal connections in hydropower structures.

Owing to its inherent electrical conductivity, reversible redox activity, and structural versatility, polypyrrole (PPy) has become an important material for advanced functional coatings. This review summarizes recent advances in PPy-based coatings, systematically exploring the correlation between fundamental material design and macroscopic multifunctional applications. First, the core structural characteristics of PPy and its primary fabrication strategies, including electrochemical deposition, chemical oxidative polymerization, solution processing, and hybrid composite engineering, are delineated. Subsequently, the role of PPy in surface protection is analyzed, with an emphasis on the synergistic mechanisms underlying corrosion mitigation, mechanical durability, and environmental barriers (e.g., anti-fouling and solar-driven desalination). In addition, the application expansion of PPy in emerging fields, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, highly sensitive smart sensing, electroactive energy interfaces, and advanced biomedical electrodes, is summarized. Finally, current challenges—particularly the physicochemical trade-offs among conductivity, interfacial adhesion, and long-term stability—are discussed, and future development directions are prospected. By integrating green processing technologies and data-driven smart system integration, next-generation PPy coatings are expected to meet the demands of flexible electronics, sustainable energy, and precision medicine.