Background: There, we review the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), its influence on fetal physiology, and neonatal outcomes, as well as the usage of antenatal corticosteroid therapy (ACST) in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Methods: MEDLINE and PubMed search was performed for the years 1990–2022, using a combination of keywords on such topics. According to the aim of the investigation, appropriate articles were identified and included in this narrative review. Results: GDM is a multifactorial disease related to unwanted pregnancy course and outcomes. Although GDM has an influence on the fetal cardiovascular and nervous system, especially in preterm neonates, the usage of ACST in pregnancy must be considered taking into account maternal and fetal characteristics. Conclusions: GDM has no influence on neonatal outcomes after ACST introduction. The ACST usage must be personalized and considered according to its gestational age-specific effects on the developing fetus.

Ad fontes, the status of the thyroid gland, and metabolic disturbance lead to the alteration of oxygenation. In pregnancy, it is particularly crucial to possess all predictive parameters. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia, between 2017 and 2021 which study included a total of 99 women who had been admitted for preterm delivery and had undergone thyroid analysis, detected Hashimoto thyroiditis, and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) 40 days after delivery and had pathological Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Response (HOMA IR) indices. In the group of urgent patients with preterm delivery, we looked after not only routine Doppler of the umbilical artery, but we measured specific ratios such as the Cerebroplacental ratio (CP). The mean maternal age was 32.23 ± 5.96 years and the mean gestational age was detected as 35.40 ± 2.39 weeks. The delivery was completed vaginally in 77 women (78%) and surgically in 22 (22%). The Mean APGAR score was 8.44 ± 1.18, the mean birth weight was 2666.87 ± 622.17g and the cases undergoing cesarean section had significantly higher values of pulsatility index (1.85 ± 0.27 vs. 1.34 ± 0.31) and CP (1.22 ± 0.26 vs. 0.47 ± 0.17). The introduction of Doppler sonography for blood flow assessment helps to form a complete clinical description of the patient, particularly in conditions where oxidative stress became provocative by the thyroid gland antibodies and gestational diabetes in Thyroidology.

Background: The term “fetal programming” refers to the effects of endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids, whether received from the mother or the fetus, on brain development and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reset. The authors of this narrative review examine the WHO’s guidelines for prenatal corticosteroids in pregnant women who are at high risk of premature delivery. These guidelines are regarded as the best available for preventing late-life problems resulting from preterm. Methods: In order to find full-text publications published in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and 2023 that were written in English, the authors searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Results: The authors highlight the possible adverse long-term effects of prenatal corticosteroid medication on human brain development and function. This pharmacological feature is therapeutically significant because there is less evidence in the scientific literature regarding the potential role that the timing, mode, and dosage of exogenous steroid treatment may have in neurological illnesses down the road. Conclusions: The authors expect that these studies will shed light on the relationship between specially designed prenatal corticosteroid therapy and the molecular mechanisms underlying the prenatal programming of neurodevelopment in childhood and adulthood.

Background and Objectives: Numerous risk factors for both female and male fertility have been established including age, ovarian reserve, infertility cause, occupational and lifestyle factors. The objective of our study was to determine the influence of occupational and lifestyle factors on assisted reproduction (ART) outcomes at a Serbian referral tertiary center. Materials and Methods: The study included all consecutive infertile couples undergoing ART at the Clinic for Ob/Gyn University Clinical Center Belgrade, from January 2019 to January 2022. Inclusion criteria comprised primary and unexplained infertility, age ≤ 45 years, body mass index ≤ 30 kg/m² and undergoing fresh autologous ART cycles. All patients filled in the socio-epidemiological questionnaire that analyzed their lifestyle and habits. Medical history data and data regarding the current ART cycle were taken from patient records. The primary outcome was clinical pregnancy. Results: Our study included 501 couples (women and men) with infertility undergoing ART. Clinical pregnancy was achieved in 22.2% of examined patients. Achieving clinical pregnancy in the ART cycle for women was associated with younger age and use of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, whereas younger age and absence of chronic illnesses were the most important factors for male partners. When women and men were assessed together as couples, achieving clinical pregnancy correlated only with the use of vitamins, minerals and trace-elements by both partners. Conclusions: This study confirmed that some occupational and lifestyle factors were associated with clinical pregnancy after ART in patients with unexplained primary infertility and normal BMI.

Goals : The aim of this paper was to do a demographic analysis of the population of pregnant women in Serbia and to summarize data regarding: their health related habits during pandemic years, pregnancy course, and the impact the COVID-19 pandemic on their mental health. Methods : The study was prospective observational non-randomized study in the public health. A group of 1,019 patients were included in this prospective cross-sectional observational study. The patients were assessed using a questionnaire designed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics which was implemented cross-country in primary healthcare institutions during regular pregnancy visits. Data was collected during the first pandemic year in 2020. The IMB SPPS 27 program was used for descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data. Results : Out of the respondents 10.6% had elevated blood pressure. The mean fasting level of glucose was within the suggested limit. Almost all pregnant women were not on any special diet, and the most common special nutritional regime was a diabetic diet. Most respondents were non-smokers and most of them practiced some kind of recreation. Almost all pregnant women adhered to protective measures during the pandemic and more than half of them felt increased stress due to the situation. Conclusion : Our research suggests that despite the increased psychological pressure and restrictive measures which took place during the first pandemic year the Serbian population of pregnant women managed to follow majority of the health recommendations, including the protective measures from the COVID-19 virus.

Introduction/Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications and an important public health concern, with increasing prevalence driven by rising obesity and insulin resistance. This study aimed to review current evidence on preventive strategies for GDM, including lifestyle interventions, supplementation, and pharmacological approaches. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, Scopus, and PubMed databases for the period from 2000 to 2025. Peer-reviewed studies addressing GDM prevention were included, while studies focused exclusively on treatment of established GDM, animal studies, articles not available in full text, and those not published in English were excluded. Study selection was performed independently by two authors, and in cases of discrepancy, consensus was reached among all authors. Results: Elevated pre-pregnancy and gestational body mass index is the most important modifiable risk factor for GDM. Lifestyle interventions, including maintenance of normal body weight, a balanced diet, and regular physical activity, represent the most effective preventive strategy, with physical activity showing the greatest impact. Among supplements, myo-inositol shows potential to reduce GDM incidence and improve glycemic control, whereas evidence for vitamin D, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids remains inconsistent. Metformin may reduce GDM risk in high-risk populations, particularly in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but findings are heterogeneous, and concerns remain regarding long-term offspring outcomes. Conclusion: Lifestyle modification and dietary regimen remain the cornerstone of GDM prevention. Pharmacological therapy and dietary supplements may have a potential role in high-risk groups; however, there is insufficient evidence to support their routine use. Further large-scale studies are needed to establish optimal prevention strategies.