BackgroundThe use of generative large language models (LLMs) in healthcare is rapidly increasing, offering easier access to medical information. However, comprehensive data on their multilingual accuracy and the reliability of cited scientific references remain limited. This study aimed to compare the response accuracy and reference quality of three free LLMs (ChatGPT, Google Gemini, DeepSeek) in Turkish and English using common pregnancy-related questions.MethodsIn this comparative observational study, 14 frequently asked pregnancy questions were posed to each LLM in Turkish and English, requesting responses supported by up-to-date scientific web sources. Answers were evaluated blindly by obstetricians and gynaecologists for accuracy. References were independently assessed for reliability, scientific validity, and accessibility. Statistical analyses were performed.ResultsLanguage and model infrastructure significantly influenced performance. Google Gemini and DeepSeek provided more accurate responses in English than in Turkish (p

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between the clinical parameters of vaginal infection—specifically the presence, type, number of concurrent symptoms, and recurrence frequency—and cervical cytology findings, including inflammation severity, Candida, bacterial vaginosis, cellular abnormalities, and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) positivity. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional, observational study included 458 women attending our gynecology outpatient clinic for Pap smear screening. Vaginal symptoms were documented through face-to-face interviews using a structured data collection form. Cervical samples were evaluated via liquid-based cytology by a single, experienced cytopathologist, who was blinded to the clinical data; cellular abnormalities, the degree of inflammation and cytomorphological findings indicative of infection were reported. HPV analysis was performed on the 218 women for whom results were available. Chi-square and trend chi-square tests were used in the statistical analysis. Results: No significant association was found between the clinical parameters of vaginal symptoms—specifically presence, concurrency, and recurrence frequency—and cytological abnormalities, HPV positivity and bacterial vaginosis (p > 0.05). In contrast, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe inflammation was significantly higher in women with vaginal discharge and a greater symptom burden (p < 0.05). Pruritus, dysuria, and vaginal burning were significantly associated with Candida positivity (p < 0.05). However, no significant association was found between the severity of cervical inflammation and abnormal cytology or HPV positivity (p > 0.05). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, neither symptom burden nor cervical inflammation severity was independently associated with abnormal cytology or HPV positivity. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that vaginal symptoms and the severity of cervical inflammation may not serve as definitive or independent discriminatory markers for cellular abnormalities or HPV positivity in this context. Nevertheless, specific symptom patterns may assist clinicians in evaluating localized infectious processes. Consequently, while standard cytological and molecular protocols remain essential for oncogenic screening, evaluating the overall symptom burden provides clinicians with a valuable framework for identifying benign dysbiotic and inflammatory processes. These findings remained consistent after adjustment for major clinical confounders.

A doubleblind placebocontrolled trial of Fennel Foeniculum vulgare on menopausal symptoms: A high placebo response

Dietary habits are increasingly recognized as an important modifiable risk factor in the management and prevention of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS). However, evidence regarding the relationship between the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet and PMOS is limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the MIND diet score and PMOS, as well as its various phenotypes. This case-control study was conducted on 367 women (161 cases, 206 controls) who attended a gynecology and obstetrics clinic. PMOS and its phenotypes were determined according to the Rotterdam criteria. Data were collected face-to-face using the Demographic Information Form, anthropometric measurements, and the MIND Diet Adherence Scale. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between the MIND diet and PMOS and its phenotypes. The significance level was p < 0.05. The median age of the case and control groups was 22.00 years. Phenotype A was the most prevalent in the case group (43.5%). In model 4, which included all confounding factors, it was found that the likelihood of PMOS was significantly lower in the Q4 group who had the highest MIND diet score compared to the Q1 group (AOR:0.166; 95% CI: 0.073-0.378). In terms of phenotypes, the likelihood of having phenotypes A, C, and D was significantly lower in the Q4 group (p < 0.05); however, no statistically significant relationship was found for phenotype B (p > 0.05). This case-control study found that a higher MIND diet score was associated with a lower likelihood of PMOS and of phenotypes A, C, and D.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the phenotype-specific profiles of serum Isthmin-1 (ISM-1), Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Nitric Oxide (NO) levels in women diagnosed with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS, formerly known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—PCOS) according to the Rotterdam criteria. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 90 reproductive-aged women, divided equally into five groups (n = 18 per group) with similar baseline metabolic parameters: healthy controls and PMOS Phenotypes A, B, C, and D. To minimize confounding effects, individuals with recent use of specific medications were excluded, and 24 h dietary recalls were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected during the early follicular phase. Serum ISM-1, TMAO, and NO levels were quantified via ELISA, and insulin resistance was determined using the HOMA-IR index. Data were adjusted for potential confounders, including age, BMI, and smoking status, using multivariate linear regression models. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in key parameters such as BMI and HOMA-IR. Serum ISM-1 levels did not show a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.501). In contrast, NO levels were found to be significantly lower in all PMOS phenotypes compared to the control group (p < 0.001), and this reduction remained independent in regression models. TMAO levels, however, exhibited a phenotype-specific distribution; in the non-hyperandrogenic Phenotype D, they were found to be significantly lower than in the control group and hyperandrogenic phenotypes A and B. In the multivariate regression analysis, it was confirmed that Phenotype D was independently associated with low TMAO levels (B = −0.131, p = 0.027). Conclusions: Although PMOS patients share a similar profile of obesity and insulin resistance, they exhibit marked biochemical heterogeneity. Whilst the reduction in NO levels may indicate a generalised vascular change affecting all phenotypes, the observation of low TMAO levels specifically in the non-hyperandrogenic Phenotype D highlights a distinct biochemical signature associated with this subgroup, observed in the absence of hyperandrogenism. Our findings support the notion that adopting phenotype-specific, individualised approaches in the management of PMOS may be beneficial.

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major global health threat, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. However, limited research has examined its psychological impacts on this group. This study aimed to examine whether higher climate change awareness is associated with increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among pregnant women in Türkiye. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2025 and June 2025 with 267 pregnant women attending routine obstetric care at a public hospital. Data were collected using a personal information form, the Pregnancy-Specific Climate Change Awareness Scale (PS-CCAS), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess relationships between variables. The mean total PS-CCAS score was 66.81 ± 20.97. Although no significant association was observed with depression, both climate change awareness (PS-CCAS) and climate change knowledge, assessed as a separate variable, emerged as significant predictors of anxiety and stress. Depression was more common among participants with lower education, longer marriage duration, urban residence, and pregnancy-related illness. Anxiety and stress were significantly linked to urban living and pregnancy-related illness, while stress was additionally associated with lower income. These findings highlight the need for targeted, psychologically safe climate education programs during pregnancy. Sociodemographic factors such as education level, income, and urban living should be considered when designing perinatal mental health interventions in the context of climate change.