Camel milk plays a multifaceted and significant role in contributing to sustainable development goals (SDGs). This review aims to explore its impact on SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Camel milk alleviates poverty by providing crucial income and job opportunities for pastoral communities where alternative livelihoods are limited. Its rich nutritional value enhances food security, particularly in regions suffering from hunger and low agricultural productivity. Furthermore, its nutritional and medicinal properties contribute to public health and well-being, particularly in communities affected by food insecurity. The expanding camel milk industry promotes decent work and economic growth by fostering market diversification and growth while empowering women by creating economic opportunities within local communities. Camel milk production aligns with sustainable consumption and production patterns by requiring fewer resources and minimizing waste, and it strengthens resilience to climate change in vulnerable regions. Despite its potential, the camel milk industry faces hurdles such as high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and limited market access. This article emphasizes the need for targeted efforts to overcome these challenges and highlights the potential of camel milk as a key driver of sustainable development in some of the world's most fragile regions and its contributions to sustainable development and improving the livelihoods of vulnerable communities worldwide. This article emphasizes the need for targeted efforts to overcome these challenges and highlights the potential of camel milk as a key driver of sustainable development in improving the livelihoods, especially of vulnerable communities across the world's most fragile regions.

As camel production systems gain importance under climate change and dryland transformation, integrating gender equity into their development becomes both a justice imperative and a strategic necessity. Framed through the lens of a just transition, this article examines women's multidimensional contributions across camel-based livelihoods, dairy value chains, by-product industries, tourism and activities, and scientific research. Drawing on peer-reviewed and grey literature from diverse regions, the analysis highlights how gendered divisions of labor shape differentiated access to resources, decision-making power, and economic returns within pastoral and semi-commercial systems. Women play central roles in daily husbandry, milk production, processing, and marketing, often sustaining household nutrition and income while operating within constrained structural environments. Through women-led collective organizations, grassroots entrepreneurship, and enterprise leadership, they increasingly connect pastoral production to urban markets and global value chains. Their contributions extend beyond dairy into wool, leather, meat processing, ethical production initiatives, and eco-responsible enterprises that preserve cultural heritage while fostering innovation. In tourism, trekking, and training, women are gaining visibility in emerging service-oriented segments of the sector, though participation does not consistently translate into structural power. Women researchers have also advanced camel science in areas including milk quality, human health, reproduction, genetics, welfare, and biodiversity conservation, linking scientific innovation with community resilience and sustainable production. However, persistent barriers—limited access to land, capital, credit, institutional representation, and research leadership—constrain transformative empowerment outcomes. Collectively, the evidence positions women as central actors in advancing climate-adaptive, low-carbon, and socially inclusive camel economies. Yet empowerment remains conditional where high labor participation is not matched by control over assets and governance. Strengthening women's visibility, decision-making authority, and resource access is therefore critical to realizing a genuinely just transition in camel systems, aligning environmental sustainability, economic opportunity, and gender equity in dryland development.

The relationship between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone during sexual maturation in male dromedary camels remains poorly understood, despite its clinical importance in prostate health monitoring and reproductive management. In 50 intact male dromedaries divided into five age groups, we looked at the longitudinal changes of these biomarkers. Testosterone showed a substantial correlation with age (r = 0.89), although PSA only showed a modest connection (r = 0.41). Phase-specific correlations between PSA and testosterone were non-significant, ranging from slightly negative (r = −0.39) during the transitional phase to modestly positive (r = 0.40) after puberty. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate a distinct divergence between PSA and testosterone trajectories during camel maturation, which may reflect developmental and functional changes associated with prostatic cellular differentiation and functional maturation during puberty, with the possibility of specific regulatory mechanisms that may not be entirely androgen-dependent. Establishing these age-specific profiles provides an essential biomarker framework to enhance reproductive health assessment and veterinary management strategies in dromedary camels.