Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Hernández Ramírez CV, Gaxiola Camacho SM, Osuna Ramirez I, Enríquez Verdugo I, Castro del Campo N, López Moreno HS. Prevalence and risk factors associated with serovars of Leptospira in dogs from Culiacan, Sinaloa. Veterinaria México OA 2017;4(2).doi: 10.21753/vmoa.2.2.369Domestic dogs transmit Leptospira spp. to humans, and determining the health risk that they represent is of paramount importance. To determine the seroprevalence and main risk factors associated with serovars of Leptospira in dogs from Culiacan, Sinaloa, we obtained serum samples from 165 dogs. The samples were stored at -40 °C and were analysed by the microbiology laboratory at Centro Nacional de Sanidad Animal using the leptospirosis microscopic agglutination test. Additionally, a survey was performed to identify epidemiological risk factors, and statistical inference was determined using chi-square test, odd ratios, and logistic regression with a statistical significance set at P < 0.05. The prevalence of Leptospira was 9 % (15/165), and we identified seven serovars: canicola 17 (46 %), icterohaemorrhagiae (40 %), bratislava (40 %), grippotyphosa (33 %), shermani (33 %), pyrogenes (20 %) and ballum (13 %). Based on our epidemiological survey, the risk factors associated with the detection of antibodies against Leptospira include the permanent habitation of pets in courtyards (OR = 4.6, P < 0.05) and presence of water stored in drums and basins (OR = 3.25, P < 0.05). The prevalence of leptospirosis in dogs indicates that the disease is present in the city of Culiacan and that leptospiral antibodies in dogs increase in poor sanitary conditions with stored water, which increases the potential risk of infection for both humans and animals.Figure 1. Frequency of observed serovars of Leptospira

Sheep are a species exploited in different areas of production. They are prone to different pathogens, highlighting parasites such as Haemonchus contortus. The prevailing climate and husbandry management practices are considered the main factors driving the spatial and temporal distribution of the nematode. Its distribution is worldwide, causing economic losses due to morbidity and mortality, and prevalence studies have been reported in different countries such as India, Spain, Nigeria, and Mexico; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the edaphoclimatic factors of the different zones of the municipality of Culiacan and the production system that influence the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. in lambs. The research was carried out in the municipality of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, over a period of one year. It was an observational study, which included 23 sheep production units distributed in 10 districts of the municipality, with a total of 1520 samples of feces from animals under 3 months of age. The feces were processed individually by flotation technique. The overall prevalence was 13.42 %, and the autumn season (OR 2.38 (1.69-3.34) P<0.001), valley zone (OR 2.70 (1.21-6.02); P<0.016) and extensive system (OR 4.81 (3.38-6.85); P<0.0001) were risk factors associated with the presence of the nematode in lambs, so they should be considered for the establishment of preventive measures and control of parasitosis.

En la producción avícola los problemas respiratorios bacterianos son causa de pérdidas económicas por disminución de la producción, aumento del costo por tratamiento con antibióticos y primera causa de muerte en gallinas ponedoras. La presencia de patógenos implica una distribución en las unidades de producción y su identificación por pruebas bioquímicas permite la caracterización a nivel especie y su tratamiento adecuado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar las bacterias aisladas de tráquea de gallinas ponedoras y determinar su perfil de resistencia a antibióticos. En una granja de producción intensiva, se tomaron muestras de tráquea de gallinas; la detección bacteriana se realizó con el aislamiento, identificación colonial, microscópica y pruebas bioquímicas, además se determinó la prueba de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Se obtuvieron 32 aislados correspondientes a cinco tipos de colonias bacterianas con morfología de cocos y bacilos Gram positivos (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis y Corynebacterium spp) y cocobacilos Gram negativos (Pasteurella multocida y Gallibacterium anatis). S. aureus, S. epidermidis y Corynebacterium spp, mostraron 100% de resistencia a glucopéptidos, además P. multocida y G. anatis, a ampicilina (betalactámicos) y quinolonas (100%). Las bacterias aisladas mostraron resistencia y multirresistencia a antibióticos, con implicaciones para la avicultura y la salud pública.  http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2022.26             e2021-3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6C5VaxAtDY

We conducted a scoping review to 1) map and categorize published studies reporting interventions during the in vitro production of Bovine embryos and 2) qualitatively summarize the effects of treatments based on hormones, growth factors, sera, and reproductive fluids during oocyte maturation and embryo development. We searched electronic databases using keywords ('Bovine', 'embryo', 'blastocyst', 'oocyte', 'in vitro', 'quality') derived from the PIOS approach of the PRISMA statement. We identified 231 studies published during 2000−2021, with 133 being published between 2012 and 2021. The 231 studies were classified into four treatment categories: culture conditions (28), medium composition (45), bioactive supplements (79), and other additives (79), with 19 subcategories within these categories. A total of 77 studies included hormones, growth factors, sera, and reproductive fluids, among which 53 studies reported a positive effect on embryo production. Hormone-based treatments using melatonin, gonadotropins, and steroids were the most effective, followed by interventions assessing growth factors such as EGF, FGF, IGF-1, and BMP. These treatments improved oocyte competence, cytoplasmic/nuclear maturation, oocyte quality, and blastocyst development. Although free-serum media and synthetic/alternative products can partially or totally replace serum, it is sometimes necessary even at low concentrations. At high concentrations, hormones or growth factors may have detrimental effects on oocyte nuclear maturation, impair embryo development, and decrease embryo survival. Further meta-analyses are needed to estimate the intervention-specific effects. Future research should focus on interventions that have a positive effect and can be used extensively for Bovine production.

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the prevalence of chlamydiosis in small ruminants. The study included 133 publications that reported the presence of Chlamydia abortus in 109 and 74 studies in sheep and goats from 45 countries. The prevalence of chlamydiosis was estimated at global, regional, and national levels using meta-analyses of proportions. Meta-regression and cumulative meta-analyses were also performed. Globally, the prevalence of chlamydiosis in sheep and goats was estimated at 20.1% (95% CI: 17.8-22.4) and 14.4% (11.6-17.4), respectively. For sheep, chlamydiosis prevalence was heterogeneous at regional and national levels. South Asia had the highest prevalence (30.6%) and East Asia and Pacific the lowest (14.0%). Nationally, chlamydiosis was more prevalent in Romania, Hungary, and Germany (range 53.3-87.0%) compared to Costa Rica, Australia, and Zimbabwe (4.7-5.2%). Among goats, chlamydiosis prevalence was similar across regions (10.4-19.7%), but varied significantly among countries, 0.0% in Romania and Australia and 91.7% in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In both species, sample size, number of diagnostic techniques, and latitude were significant covariates. Prevalence varied widely in the first decades of publications before stabilizing. Our study found a high prevalence of chlamydiosis in small ruminants, with the pathogen being distributed globally but heterogeneously across countries.

Con el objetivo de conocer la asociación entre la producción de biofilm y la resistencia de S. aureus a los antimicrobianos se realizó una revisión bibliográfica. El biofilm es una comunidad multicelular de bacterias, unidas por una matriz polimérica extracelular (MPE), que tienen una diversidad genética y variabilidad en la expresión de genes. La MPE permite que las células microbianas se adhieran entre sí y a superficies inertes o vivas. Las micro colonias se comunican dentro del biofilm mediante la secreción de moléculas de señalización auto inductoras; a este proceso se le conoce como quorum sensing (QS). El QS desempeña un papel fundamental en la regulación de numerosos comportamientos microbianos relevantes, como la formación de biofilm, la virulencia microbiana y la patogénesis. S. aureus tiene un sistema de detección de quórum, el regulador genético accesorio (agr); mediante este sistema, S. aureus puede detectar su propia densidad poblacional y traducir esta información en un patrón específico de expresión génica. Se ha observado que del 90 al 99% de las cepas S. aureus presenta la capacidad de formación de biofilm. La capacidad de S. aureus para formar biofilm favorece su resistencia a los antimicrobianos, patogenicidad y prevalencia. Dado que la formación de biofilm representa una barrera significativa para el tratamiento con antimicrobianos, es necesario explorar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas antibiofilm. El QS es un mecanismo clave para regular la formación y la virulencia de las biopelículas. Los inhibidores de QS pueden ser una estrategia prometedora para destruir las biopelículas bacterianas.