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Dr. Francisco José Hernández Fernández
Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain

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0 Bioenergy
0 Green Chemistry
0 Fuel cell
0 ionic liquid
0 Supercritical fluid

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Editorial
Published: 24 June 2021 in Processes
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Sustainable chemical process engineering results from applying the principles of green chemistry or sustainable chemistry to chemical process engineering

ACS Style

Francisco Hernández Fernández; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos. Special Issue: Green Sustainable Chemical Processes. Processes 2021, 9, 1097 .

AMA Style

Francisco Hernández Fernández, Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos. Special Issue: Green Sustainable Chemical Processes. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1097.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Hernández Fernández; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos. 2021. "Special Issue: Green Sustainable Chemical Processes." Processes 9, no. 7: 1097.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2020 in Processes
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The degradation of imazapyr (C13H15N3O3), an active element in the aqueous solution of commercial herbicide, was investigated. This study was the first to evaluate in a comprehensive manner the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes for imazapyr degradation. Results showed that Imazapyr degradation is significantly affected by operational conditions such as TiO2 concentration, ozone concentration, initial concentration of imazapyr and pH. The kinetics of Imazapyr consumption was the first order with respect to Imazapyr concentration and zero order with respect to ozone concentration with a constant rate of 0.247 min−1 and 0.128 min−1 for photocatalytic ozonation and heterogeneous photocatalysis, while it was the first order with respect to Imazapyr and the first order with respect to ozone concentrations when only ozone was used with a constant rate of 0.053 mol L−1 min−1 at pH 7. The results revealed that more than 90 percent of the removal efficiency representing the elimination of imazapyr was held up to 7 μM. Further increase in the concentration of imazapyr leads to a drop in the removal efficiency, however the total imazapyr degradation was reached in 20 min utilizing photocatalytic ozonation for 5 μM of Imazapyr in the presence of 100 mg L−1 of TiO2, 10 mg L−1 of ozone at pH 7. Photocatalytic ozonation and heterogeneous photocatalysis utilizing TiO2 as a semiconductor process appeared possible and well suited for the treatment of organic contaminants such as imazapyr herbicides, although at certain dosages of pH and common time for wastewater treatment, imazapyr was not degraded with ozonation on its own. The association of two oxidation processes, ozonation and photocatalysis, has improved oxidation efficiencies for water treatment under optimal conditions, leading to the development of non-selective hydroxyl and more reactive radicals in the oxidation medium, as well as the resulting synergistic effects between photocatalysis and ozonation that react more rapidly with imazapyr herbicide.

ACS Style

Salma Bougarrani; Zakarya Baicha; Lahbib Latrach; Mohammed El Mahi; Francisco José Hernandez Fernandez. Improving the Imazapyr Degradation by Photocatalytic Ozonation: A Comparative Study with Different Oxidative Chemical Processes. Processes 2020, 8, 1446 .

AMA Style

Salma Bougarrani, Zakarya Baicha, Lahbib Latrach, Mohammed El Mahi, Francisco José Hernandez Fernandez. Improving the Imazapyr Degradation by Photocatalytic Ozonation: A Comparative Study with Different Oxidative Chemical Processes. Processes. 2020; 8 (11):1446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salma Bougarrani; Zakarya Baicha; Lahbib Latrach; Mohammed El Mahi; Francisco José Hernandez Fernandez. 2020. "Improving the Imazapyr Degradation by Photocatalytic Ozonation: A Comparative Study with Different Oxidative Chemical Processes." Processes 8, no. 11: 1446.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Processes
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are new solvents widely used in many technologies due to their unique and advantageous physicochemical properties. In biotechnological applications, ILs can be used along with microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to the enormous number of ILs that can be synthesized through the combination of different anions and cations, it is necessary to have an easy and quick tool for the preliminary screening of their biocompatibility for being used in biotechnological applications. In this work, the agar well diffusion test was successfully applied as a rapid method to identify toxic/nontoxic ILs toward S. cerevisiae. Sixty-three ILs containing a diverse set of cations and anions were used. Through this methodology, nine fully biocompatible ILs toward S. cerevisiae were identified, including: [Bmim+] [NO3−], [HOPmim+] [NO3−], [Bmim+] [NTf2−], [N8,8,8,1+] [NTf2−], [S2,2,2+] [NTf2−], [EMPyr+] [NTf2−], [BMPi+] [NTf2−], [Moxa+] [MeSO4−] and [Chol+] [H2PO4−]. The analysis of the results also provides preliminary rules to enable the design of biocompatible ILs with S. cerevisiae. In this context, the toxicity was mainly determined by the cation nature although some anions can also display a strong influence on the IL biocompatibility as the bistriflimide anion. Besides, it was observed that an increase in the alkyl chain length of cations, such as imidazolium or pyridinium, involves an increase in the IL toxicity.

ACS Style

Fatiha Missoun; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos; Víctor Ortiz-Martínez; María José Salar-García; Jesús Hernández-Fernández; Francisco José Hernández-Fernández. Discovering Low Toxicity Ionic Liquids for Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Using the Agar Well Diffusion Test. Processes 2020, 8, 1163 .

AMA Style

Fatiha Missoun, Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos, Víctor Ortiz-Martínez, María José Salar-García, Jesús Hernández-Fernández, Francisco José Hernández-Fernández. Discovering Low Toxicity Ionic Liquids for Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Using the Agar Well Diffusion Test. Processes. 2020; 8 (9):1163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fatiha Missoun; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos; Víctor Ortiz-Martínez; María José Salar-García; Jesús Hernández-Fernández; Francisco José Hernández-Fernández. 2020. "Discovering Low Toxicity Ionic Liquids for Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Using the Agar Well Diffusion Test." Processes 8, no. 9: 1163.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Molecules
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New Candida antarctica lipase B derivatives with higher activity than the free enzyme were obtained by occlusion in an organogel of an ionic liquid (ionogel) based on the ionic liquid [Omim][PF6] and polyvinyl chloride. The inclusion of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker improved the properties of the ionogel, allowing the enzymatic derivative to reach 5-fold higher activity than the free enzyme and also allowing it to be reused at 70 °C. The new methodology allows enzymatic derivatives to be designed by changing the ionic liquid, thus providing a suitable microenvironment for the enzyme. The ionic liquid may act on substrates to increase their local concentration, while reducing water activity in the enzyme’s microenvironment. All this allows the activity and selectivity of the enzyme to be improved and greener processes to be developed. The chemical composition and morphology of the ionogel were also studied by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, finding that porosity, which was related with the chemical composition, was a key factor for the enzyme activity.

ACS Style

Alfonso Escudero; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos; Carlos Godínez; Francisca Tomás; Francisco José Hernández-Fernández. Immobilization in Ionogel: A New Way to Improve the Activity and Stability of Candida antarctica Lipase B. Molecules 2020, 25, 3233 .

AMA Style

Alfonso Escudero, Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos, Carlos Godínez, Francisca Tomás, Francisco José Hernández-Fernández. Immobilization in Ionogel: A New Way to Improve the Activity and Stability of Candida antarctica Lipase B. Molecules. 2020; 25 (14):3233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfonso Escudero; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos; Carlos Godínez; Francisca Tomás; Francisco José Hernández-Fernández. 2020. "Immobilization in Ionogel: A New Way to Improve the Activity and Stability of Candida antarctica Lipase B." Molecules 25, no. 14: 3233.

Research article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Optimization and Engineering
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Wastewater treatment process design involves the optimization of multiple conflicting objectives. The detection of different equivalent solutions in terms of objective values is crucial for designers in order to efficiently switch to the new optimal operation policies if changes in the process conditions or new constraints occur. In this work, the dynamic multi-objective optimization of a municipal wastewater treatment plant model is carried out. The aim is to simultaneously optimize an economic cost term and an effluent quality index. The selected process variables for the optimization are (1) an aeration factor in the aerated tank previous to the clarifier, and (2) an internal recycle flow rate. Their time profiles are approximated using the control vector parameterization technique. To solve the multi-objective problem and find the Pareto front, the NSGA-II algorithm has been used. The simulation of different realistic scenarios which impose operational constraints (e.g., maintenance operations) reveals that, indeed, multiple solutions exist at least in some areas of the Pareto front. It is observed that different control profiles can produce nearly identical results in terms of Pareto solutions. The a priori knowledge of these equivalent solutions for different scenarios provides the decision makers with alternative choices to be adapted to their organizations policies when events altering decision variables bounds or adding new constraints to the process model occur.

ACS Style

Víctor M. Ortiz-Martínez; Jesús Martínez-Frutos; Eloy Hontoria; Francisco J. Hernández-Fernández; Jose A. Egea. Multiplicity of solutions in model-based multiobjective optimization of wastewater treatment plants. Optimization and Engineering 2020, 22, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Víctor M. Ortiz-Martínez, Jesús Martínez-Frutos, Eloy Hontoria, Francisco J. Hernández-Fernández, Jose A. Egea. Multiplicity of solutions in model-based multiobjective optimization of wastewater treatment plants. Optimization and Engineering. 2020; 22 (2):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor M. Ortiz-Martínez; Jesús Martínez-Frutos; Eloy Hontoria; Francisco J. Hernández-Fernández; Jose A. Egea. 2020. "Multiplicity of solutions in model-based multiobjective optimization of wastewater treatment plants." Optimization and Engineering 22, no. 2: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2019 in Fermentation
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Anhydrous ethanol is a promising alternative to gasoline in fuel engines. However, since ethanol forms an azeotrope with water, high-energy-consumption separation techniques such as azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and molecular sieves are needed to produce anhydrous ethanol. This work discusses the potential development of an integrated process for bioethanol production using ionic liquids and Ceratonia siliqua as a carbohydrate source for further fermentation of the aqueous extracts. A four-stage counter-current system was designed to improve the sugar extraction yield to values close to 99%. The alcoholic fermentation of the extracts showed ethanol concentrations of 95 g/L using the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisae. The production of anhydrous ethanol through extractive distillation with ethylene glycol was simulated using CHEMCAD software, with an energy consumption of 13.23 MJ/Kg of anhydrous ethanol. Finally, several ionic liquids were analyzed and are proposed as potential solvents for the recovery of bioethanol for the design of an integrated extraction–fermentation–separation process, according to their ability to extract ethanol from aqueous solutions and their biocompatibility with the microorganism used in this study.

ACS Style

Sergio Sanchez-Segado; María José Salar; Víctor Manuel Ortiz-Martínez; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos; Francisco José Hernández-Fernández; Luis Javier Lozano-Blanco. Evaluation of Ionic Liquids as In Situ Extraction Agents during the Alcoholic Fermentation of Carob Pod Extracts. Fermentation 2019, 5, 90 .

AMA Style

Sergio Sanchez-Segado, María José Salar, Víctor Manuel Ortiz-Martínez, Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos, Francisco José Hernández-Fernández, Luis Javier Lozano-Blanco. Evaluation of Ionic Liquids as In Situ Extraction Agents during the Alcoholic Fermentation of Carob Pod Extracts. Fermentation. 2019; 5 (4):90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Sanchez-Segado; María José Salar; Víctor Manuel Ortiz-Martínez; Antonia Pérez De Los Ríos; Francisco José Hernández-Fernández; Luis Javier Lozano-Blanco. 2019. "Evaluation of Ionic Liquids as In Situ Extraction Agents during the Alcoholic Fermentation of Carob Pod Extracts." Fermentation 5, no. 4: 90.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2019 in Processes
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In the last few years, the use of ionic liquid-based membranes has gained importance in a wide variety of separation processes due to the unique properties of ionic liquids. The aim of this work is to analyze the transport of nutrients through polymer inclusion membranes based on different concentrations of methyltrioctylammonium chloride, in order to broaden the application range of these kinds of membranes. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) nutrients were used at the concentration of 1 g·L−1 in the feeding phase. The evolution of the concentration in the receiving phase over time (168 h) was monitored and the experimental data fitted to a diffusion-solution transport model. The results show very low permeation values for CaCl2. By contrast, in the case of Na2HPO4 the permeation values were higher and increase as the amount of ionic liquid in the membrane also increases. The surface of the membranes was characterized before and after being used in the separation process by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) and elemental mapping analysis. The SEM–EDX images show that the polymer inclusion membranes studied are stable to aqueous solution contacting phases and therefore, they might be used for the selective transport of nutrients in separation processes.

ACS Style

Z. Baicha; M.J. Salar-García; V.M. Ortiz-Martínez; F.J. Hernández-Fernández; A.P. De Los Ríos; D.P. Maqueda Marín; J.A. Collado; F. Tomás-Alonso; M. El Mahi. On the Selective Transport of Nutrients through Polymer Inclusion Membranes Based on Ionic Liquids. Processes 2019, 7, 544 .

AMA Style

Z. Baicha, M.J. Salar-García, V.M. Ortiz-Martínez, F.J. Hernández-Fernández, A.P. De Los Ríos, D.P. Maqueda Marín, J.A. Collado, F. Tomás-Alonso, M. El Mahi. On the Selective Transport of Nutrients through Polymer Inclusion Membranes Based on Ionic Liquids. Processes. 2019; 7 (8):544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. Baicha; M.J. Salar-García; V.M. Ortiz-Martínez; F.J. Hernández-Fernández; A.P. De Los Ríos; D.P. Maqueda Marín; J.A. Collado; F. Tomás-Alonso; M. El Mahi. 2019. "On the Selective Transport of Nutrients through Polymer Inclusion Membranes Based on Ionic Liquids." Processes 7, no. 8: 544.