Agroforestry systems (AGF) design should benefit all components of the consortium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the distance between plants within the row on growth and yield of trees and agricultural crop and on the economic viability of the consortium. The eucalypt was planted in 9.5 x 1.5 m, 9.5 x 2.0 m, 9.5 x 3.0 m and 9.5 x 40 m arrangements, in consortium with soybean. The tree diameter (dbh) and total height (Ht), and the leaf area index (LAI) were measured at 14, 38 and 51 months. Soybean yield was evaluated 24 months after planting eucalypt. An economic evaluation of the consortium was carried out for a planning horizon of seven years. The distance between trees within the row did not affect the tree height, however, larger distances promoted a higher dbh and individual volume. Higher values of basal area and yield were achieved in the 9.5 x 1.5 m arrangement. The LAI was smaller (1.43) in the 9.5 x 4.0 m arrangement, at 38 months, compared to the other arrangements (mean LAI = 1.66). Soybean had it's highest yield (2,317 kg ha^-1) in the 9.5 x 4.0 m arrangement. In the economic evaluation, the wood produced in the two denser arrangements was destined for energy, with low market value, making these two arrangements unfeasible economically, although the tree component yield was the highest in the arrangement 9.5 x 1.5 m. The 9.5 x 4.0 m spatial arrangement was the most economically viable, considering the allocation of 40% of the wood for sawing, and the prices and costs assumed in this study. In this arrangement, the soybean yield was the highest, and the planting costs were the lowest when compared to the other arrangements.

Introdução. A Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (ABP) é um método de ensino centrado no aluno, que organiza o aprendizado e o estudo em torno de projetos, desafiando-os a trabalhar em grupos, na busca de soluções para problemas reais. Objetivo. Este estudo propõe uma revisão de literatura sistemática com metadados, sobre a aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos aplicada ao ensino da programação, que se aplica a qualquer área do conhecimento, entre elas as Ciências da Terra. Metodologia. O método de pesquisa baseou-se na seleção de trabalhos relacionados à área, por meio de Bibliometria. Resultados. A literatura mostrou que ambientes que usaram a prática ABP obtiveram evolução significativa dos alunos na capacidade de resolução de problemas, pensamento crítico e reflexivo e facilidade de trabalho em grupo. Conclusão. A revisão de literatura evidenciou que a Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos é uma prática pedagógica cada vez mais utilizada para conectar o conhecimento abstrato com a prática autêntica no ambiente educacional.

Due to the recent technological progress, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), is an alternative for the high-resolution imaging of the terrestrial surface, helping map lineaments, essential structures on the stage of geological mapping. Therefore, this research aims to accomplish and to confirm the efficiency of the use of UAV high-resolution imaging for semi-automatic lineament mapping, in a shear zone in Guaçuí/ES. Orthomosaic was created from the UAV imaging, in which the LINE algorithm was used from Geomath PCI software for the semi-automatic mapping of lineaments. In addition, a manual lineament mapping was performed on the orthomosaic for comparison purposes, and a shaded relief image was made up of Azimuth 135° and Elevation 45°, from the SRTM data, followed by manual lineament mapping for a regional vision of the studied area. On the semi-automatic and manual extraction on the orthomosaic and shaded relief image, 61.30%, 61.63%, 57.38% of the lineaments, respectively, have NW-SE direction, showing a really strong correlation. Therefore, the semi-automatic mapping is extremely effective in terms of structural trends acquisition and can provide fine-scale data for the assessment of inaccessible areas.

The Atlantic Forest is intensely fragmented and this fragmentation process has caused an expressive increase of forest remnants and, consequently, increased edge effect with different physical-biological intensities in the transition areas between the patch and the matrix. This study used landscape metrics to understand and analyze how different edge effect distances affect the structure of the forest landscape in the Barra Seca River basin (ES), in 1985, 1996, 2006 and 2016. Remote sensing images were processed and using the Bhattacharya algorithm with supervised classification, the forest patches of the study area were classified and isolated. Landscape ecology metrics were computed with Patch Analyst and V-Late 2 Beta extensions. The forest patches were divided into four size classes as follows smaller than 5 ha (C1); between 5 and 10 ha (C2); between 10 and 100 ha (C3); and over 100 ha (C4). The edge effect simulation using landscape metrics was performed using the edge effect distances of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 140, and 200 m. Forest fragmentation increased between 1985 and 2016 while the number of patches greater than 100 ha decreased. Currently, the basin landscape consists mainly of small patches, which have larger relative areas affected by edge effect while many patches smaller than 10 ha are completely dominated by edge effect for distances greater than 60 meters. The edge effect simulation for different distances allowed verifying the intensification of the edge effect on the forest patches of the Barra Seca River basin.

A Mata Atlântica é uma das florestas mais ricas em diversidade de espécies e ameaçada de todo o mundo. Esse domínio se torna cada vez mais frágil, despertando preocupações. Um exemplo dessa fragmentação florestal pode ser visto no Horto Florestal de Ibatiba, no Espírito Santo. Para inferir sobre essa paisagem, é necessário o conhecimento sobre a dinâmica natural e da estrutura do ecossistema. O presente estudo, teve o intuito de analisar o banco de sementes, a serapilheira acumulada e os atributos químicos do solo, sob cinco diferentes coberturas vegetais na região do Horto Florestal de Ibatiba-ES: eucalipto, pastagem, pinus, mata em estádio inicial e mata em estádio avançado. Para o estudo da serapilheira e do banco de sementes, foram coletadas 10 amostras aleatórias de cada área, com auxílio de Gabarito. Para a análise química do solo, foram coletadas, por meio de um Trado S-40, 42 amostras simples (21 de 0 a 20 cm de profundidade e 21 de 20 a 40 cm) de cada área. Como resultado, os indicadores foram influenciados pelas diferentes coberturas florestais, sendo os melhores resultados encontrados na área de mata em estádio avançado. Na área de eucalipto, apesar de haver alguns bons indicadores, mostrou que essa área despende maior atenção no Horto para questões de recuperação. As áreas de pastagem e pinus se mantiveram intermediárias nas avaliações. A mata em estádio inicial mostrou-se uma área em potencial para o desenvolvimento da floresta. Esses achados podem auxiliar nas proposições de ações e políticas públicas de gestão e preservação da área, além de servir de referência para o desenvolvimento de outras pesquisas.