In a constantly and rapidly changing global environment, one of the main priority tasks for every country is preserving, maintaining, and operating an independent and individually robust and stable energy system. This paper aims at researching electrical power systems’ (EPSs) behavior during desynchronization from a synchronous area, its stability in islanded mode, and its synchronization. The analysis of EPS behavior was accomplished utilizing numerical simulations in a widely used programming/simulation package. The sudden tripping of the EPS into an isolated island mode with known generation and load values was simulated, analyzed, and discussed. We investigated the behavior of an isolated EPS in the case of the loss of a certain amount of active power, and determined the maximum power that must be available to ensure the reliable operation of the isolated EPS and the power reserve that must be maintained to prevent the EPS from triggering UFLS. The simulation of the synchronization of an isolated EPS with a synchronous area was accomplished and analyzed. The obtained results were applied to reveal the sequence of actions that will help an EPS to ensure and maintain the stable and reliable operation of electrical installations during desynchronization.

This article examines the challenges and solutions related to Frequency Deviation (FD) in Continental Europe's electric power systems, focusing on the effectiveness of Combined Cycle Power Blocks (CCPB) in managing these deviations. Already since 2023, persistent and significant FD's have been a concern, leading to the establishment of a working group by the ENTSO-E System Operation Committee to develop a robust action plan. The study highlights the necessity of employing advanced control strategies in CCPB to enhance frequency quality and ensure stable system operation. It delves into the mechanisms of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) to maintain power balance and frequency stability through primary and secondary controls. These controls are critical in adapting to real-time changes in load and generation, thereby securing the power system's reliability and efficiency. The paper also discusses the implementation of Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) and their role in stabilizing the frequency post-disturbances by automatically adjusting power outputs. Additionally, the research explores the integration of the Baltic States into the European Union (EU) energy market aiming for enhanced system security and reliability, after all the Baltic States achieved full synchronization with the Continental Europe Synchronous Area (CESA). The outcomes suggest that strategic enhancements in automatic control and reserve management can significantly mitigate FD impacts, contributing to the stability of large-scale interconnected power systems.

This article examines the challenges and solutions related to frequency deviation (FD) in Continental Europe’s electric power systems, focusing on the effectiveness of Combined Cycle Power Blocks (CCPBs) in managing these deviations. Since 2023, persistent and significant frequency deviations (FDs) have been a concern, leading to the establishment of a working group by the ENTSO-E System Operation Committee to develop a robust action plan. The study highlights the necessity of employing advanced control strategies in CCPB to enhance frequency quality and ensure stable system operation. It delves into the mechanisms of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) to maintain power balance and frequency stability through primary and secondary controls. These controls are critical in adapting to real-time changes in load and generation, thereby securing the power system’s reliability and efficiency. The paper also discusses the implementation of Frequency Containment Reserves (FCRs) and their role in stabilizing system frequency following disturbances by automatically adjusting power outputs. Additionally, the research explores the integration of the Baltic States into the European Union (EU) energy market, aiming for enhanced system security and reliability. After all, the Baltic States achieved full synchronization with the Continental Europe Synchronous Area (CESA). The outcomes confirm the suitability of the investigated CCPB for participation in AGC and FCR services under interconnected system operation.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Load Frequency Control (LFC) framework required for the synchronization of Electric Power Systems (EPSs) with Continental Europe (CE). The study focuses on ensuring stable and reliable operation of autonomously functioning EPSs by examining technical requirements and prequalification procedures for Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) and LFC-related reserves. Numerical simulations were performed to assess system dynamic behavior under disturbance conditions. The results indicate that following a 100 MW active power loss, system frequency decreased to 49.82 Hz and was restored to the nominal 50 Hz within 9 min using FCR and automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR). A more severe 200 MW disturbance resulted in a minimum frequency of 49.68 Hz, requiring additional activation of manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (mFRR), with recovery achieved in 18 minutes. In extreme scenarios involving up to 600 MW power loss, the frequency dropped below the critical threshold of 49.2 Hz, but full restoration was achieved within 36 min through coordinated activation of FCR, aFRR, mFRR, and Replacement Reserve (RR). Long-term simulations demonstrated that the Frequency Restoration Control Error (FRCE) remained within the System Operation Guidelines (SOGL) Level 1 limit for 75% of the time and within the stricter Level 2 limit for 96%, meeting CE quality requirements. The study also evaluates prequalification procedures, including technical testing, communication validation, and energy management for Limited Energy Reservoir providers, ensuring robust and non-discriminatory participation in balancing markets.