Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a global health issue that is associated with poor quality of care and affects the timeliness of treatment initiation. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the association between overcrowding and delay in treatment. A systematic review was conducted using four databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library), following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). A structured search was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles aimed at assessing the relationship between overcrowding and delay in treatment, published between January 2000 and January 2021. Only studies that were conducted in the ED settings were included, and that includes both triage and observation rooms. The studies were appraised using two quality appraisal tools including the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP) for cohort studies and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist tool for cross-sectional studies. A total of 567 studies screened, and 10 met the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 8 were cohorts and 2 were cross-sectionals. The majority reported that overcrowding is associated with a delay in the initiation of antibiotics for patients with sepsis and pneumonia. The review identified that overcrowding might impact time-to-treatment and, thus, the quality of care delivered to the patient. However, further research aimed at finding feasible solutions to overcrowding is encouraged.

Nurse practitioners’ roles need to be clearly defined in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we aimed to explore potential factors that impact nurses’ perspectives toward nurse practitioners’ roles and whether they are interested in becoming nurse practitioners. A mixed-methods study design was employed using a questionnaire and focus groups. The survey was sent to nurses working at a public hospital in the Riyadh region. Participants (N = 77) reported that having more nurse practitioners would improve quality of care and patient safety. Additionally, most participants stated that an increased supply of nurse practitioners would have a positive impact on effectiveness, equity of care, and healthcare costs. In regression analysis, participants with favorable perspectives towards nurse practitioners were significantly more likely to have interest in becoming nurse practitioners (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]:1.04 [1.01–1.07]). In the qualitative domain, three positive factors were identified: effective collaboration with other staff, better contribution to quality care and patient safety, and better contribution to evidence-based practice. Two barriers were also determined: lack of motivation to become a nurse practitioner and unclear scope of practice. Results showed that nurse practitioners can provide quality healthcare services that meet patients’ different needs. The growing role of this speciality warrants further research to show its value in daily practice.

The purpose of this systematic review was to explore factors affecting nurses’ job satisfaction in Saudi Arabian hospitals by utilizing the social determinants of a health model. We conducted a systematic review using three databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, and CINAHL) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. A total of 235 studies were screened. Of these studies, nine met the inclusion criteria. The studies were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist tool. The majority of studies reported that salary, years of experience, nationality, and marital status were factors affecting nurses’ job satisfaction. Gender and educational level did not impact job satisfaction for male and female nurses. Overall, the review highlighted some knowledge gaps in the assessment of the impact of social determinants of health regarding gender and educational level on nurses’ job satisfaction. Further research is needed to address this knowledge gap.

Background: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is a growing mental health concern among university students, often linked to impulsivity and low resilience. However, traditional regression-based research often fails to evaluate latent measurement structures or simultaneously test indirect pathways within a single analytic framework. This study applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the direct and indirect associations between impulsivity, resilience, and IGD symptom severity among Saudi university students, evaluating resilience as a potential mediator and testing measurement equivalence across sex. Methods: Data from 207 students (58.9% male) were analyzed using the lavaan package in R. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the measurement model for the IGDS9-SF, CD-RISC-10, and S-UPPS-P. Structural paths were tested with indirect effects estimated via bootstrapping (5000 resamples), alongside multi-group invariance testing to examine equivalence across sex. Results: The measurement model demonstrated acceptable fit (CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.058 [90% CI: 0.044, 0.069], SRMR = 0.063). Significant direct associations were observed: impulsivity with IGD severity (β = 0.38, p < 0.001) and resilience with IGD severity (β = −0.26, p < 0.001). The bootstrapped indirect association of impulsivity with IGD through resilience was statistically significant (β = 0.083, 95% CI [0.031, 0.149]), consistent with partial mediation in this cross-sectional sample. Factor loadings were equivalent across sex (metric invariance supported); the impulsivity–IGD association was stronger in males (β = 0.46) than females (β = 0.27; χ²(1) = 4.65, p = 0.031), though this comparison should be treated as preliminary. Conclusions: Impulsivity was associated with IGD both directly and indirectly through lower resilience. These SEM-based findings are consistent with resilience as a partial mediator of the impulsivity–IGD association, suggesting potential value in multi-target mental health interventions in university nursing and counseling settings. Longitudinal research is needed to establish causal ordering.

Background: Religious coping is an important psychosocial resource that may influence how individuals adapt to chronic illnesses and engage in health-related behaviors. While studies have associated religion with the effective management of diabetes, the involvement of religious coping, both positive and negative, in the self-care of diabetic patients has been underexplored. The aim of this study was to quantify the association of religious coping with diabetes self-care among adults in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We used a cross-sectional study among 413 adults with diabetes. Positive and negative religious coping were assessed using the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief RCOPE), and diabetes self-care was measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine associations between religious coping and diabetes self-care after adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We also used quantile regression to assess whether associations varied across the distribution of diabetes self-care scores. Results: The finding showed that positive religious coping was significantly and positively associated with diabetes self-care (β = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.70), while negative religious coping did not show significant association (β = 0.04, 95% CI: −0.13 to 0.22). Quantile regression analyses demonstrated significant positive associations between positive religious coping and diabetes self-care at the 25th percentile (β = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.73), 50th percentile (β = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.89), and 75th percentile (β = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.92), with the strongest association observed at the 90th percentile (β = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.48). Negative religious coping was not significantly associated with self-care at any quantile. Conclusions: Our finding showed significant association between positive religious coping and diabetes self-care, whereas negative religious coping showed no significant association. The findings suggest that positive religious coping may represent an important psychosocial resource associated with diabetes self-care. Future longitudinal studies incorporating objective clinical outcomes are needed to further examine the role of religious coping in diabetes management.

Background: Nursing faculty shortages, burnout, and high turnover represent an escalating workforce crisis in Saudi governmental colleges of nursing. The Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model offers a theoretically grounded framework for examining how occupational demands are associated with reduced well-being and how resources moderate these effects. Objective: This study aimed to examine the direct associations between job demands and stress outcomes and the moderating roles of job and personal resources among nursing faculty in Saudi Arabia, accounting for gender and nationality as structural covariates. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with 268 nursing faculty members from five governmental colleges using a voluntary survey of all eligible faculty (response rate: 51.1%). Theory-driven hierarchical regression analyses examined direct and moderating effects within the health-impairment pathway of the JD-R model. Results: Job demands significantly predicted all three burnout dimensions, reduced mental well-being, and job dissatisfaction. Trait emotional intelligence moderated the demand–exhaustion (delta-R² = 0.031, p = 0.006) and demand–job satisfaction (delta-R² = 0.028, p = 0.009) relationships. Job resources moderated the demand–mental well-being (delta-R² = 0.024, p = 0.018) and demand–professional efficacy links (delta-R² = 0.021, p = 0.029). Conclusions: Job demands are the primary predictor of burnout and occupational stress. Gender and nationality were associated with systematic differences in stress outcomes, suggesting that interventions should be culturally responsive and account for structural inequities.