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Vesna Krnjaja
Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia

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Research article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Plant Disease
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The cosmopolitan species Fusarium graminearum Schwabe directly reduces yield, as well as grain quality of cereals, due to its ability to synthesize mycotoxins. Previously it was considered to be one species occurring on all continents. However, phylogenetic analysis employing the GCPSR method (Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition) revealed the existence of 15 phylogenetic species within what is now recognised as the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex (FGSC) (Sarver et al. 2011). During 1996-2008, a MRIZP collection of FGSC isolates was established and isolates originating from wheat (5), maize (3) and barely (2) were selected for further study. Morphological features including the appearance of colonies and macroconidia (average size 38.5-53.1 × 4.6-5.4 µm, No 50) of all 10 isolates on PDA were consistent with descriptions of F. graminearum (O’Donnell et al. 2004, Leslie and Summerell 2006). Total DNA was isolated from mycelium removed from 7-day old colonies of single-spore isolates grown on PDA using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden). Further identification was based on amplification and sequencing of elongation factor TEF−1α, histone H3 and β−tubulin in both directions, with primers ef1/ef2, H3-1a/H3-1b and T1/T22, respectively (Jacobs et al. 2010). The sequences were deposited in NCBI under accession numbers MF974399 - MF974408 (TEF−1α), MG063783 - MG063792 (β−tubulin) and MF999139 - MF999148 (histone H3). Sequence analysis was performed using BLAST while genetic similarity was calculated using MEGA 6.0 software. Isolate 1339 originating from wheat (collected at the locality of Kikinda in 2006), shared 100% nucleotide identity with TEF−1α (DQ459745), histone H3 (DQ459728) and β−tubulin (DQ459643) of F. vorosii isolate NRRL37605 (Starkey et al. 2007). The remaining nine isolates were identified as F. graminearum as they shared 99% to 100% nucleotide similarity with F. graminearum NRRL 28439 (O’Donnell et al. 2004). Pathogenicity was tested using artificial inoculations of spikes during wheat flowering (Mesterhazy et al. 1999). Thirty classes were inoculated with each isolate, in three replicates. Inoculum was prepared from 7-day colonies on PDA, and 30 ml of a conidia suspension (1x105 conidia/ml) was used. Control plants were inoculated with sterile water. Three weeks after inoculation, typical Fusarium head blight symptoms were visible on inoculated plants, from which all 10 isolates were successfully reisolated. Control spikes remained symptomless. Disease severity was estimated on the 1-7 scale (Blandino et al. 2012). Average pathogenicity of the F. vorosii isolate 1339 was 1.9, and 2.4 -5.1 of F. graminearum isolates. Toxin production was determined using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kernels inoculated with the 10 isolates were ground and tested for the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetyl derivatives 3ADON, 15ADON and NIV. F. vorosii isolate 1339 possessed the 15ADON chemotype, as well as eight F. graminearum isolates, while only one F. graminearum isolate was 3ADON chemotype. To date, F. vorosii has only been detected in Hungary on wheat (Toth et al. 2005) and Korea on barley, corn and rice (Lee et al. 2016). This is the first report of F. vorosii in Serbia, which is of great importance, because it indicates the spread of this toxigenic species. Further studies should be focused on determining the distribution, aggressiveness and toxicological profile of F. vorosii.

ACS Style

Ana Obradović; Jelena Stepanovic; Vesna Krnjaja; Aleksandra Bulajic; Goran Stanković; Milan Stevanović; Slavica Stankovic. First report of Head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium vorosii in Serbia. Plant Disease 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ana Obradović, Jelena Stepanovic, Vesna Krnjaja, Aleksandra Bulajic, Goran Stanković, Milan Stevanović, Slavica Stankovic. First report of Head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium vorosii in Serbia. Plant Disease. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Obradović; Jelena Stepanovic; Vesna Krnjaja; Aleksandra Bulajic; Goran Stanković; Milan Stevanović; Slavica Stankovic. 2021. "First report of Head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium vorosii in Serbia." Plant Disease , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Crop Protection
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The aim of this investigation was to estimate the influence of four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha−1) and two ear inoculation treatments (inoculated with F. verticillioides and control) of two Serbian maize hybrids NS 6030 and ZP 666 (FAO 600 maturity groups) on some productive and quality parameters. The experiments were conducted in the two growing seasons (2013–2014). Nitrogen rates demonstrated a highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) influence on the number of kernels per ear (NKE), thousand kernel weight (TKW), the incidence of Fusarium spp. (F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. verticillioides) and level of total fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 (FBs). The ear treatment showed a highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect on maize quality parameters (NIK, the incidence of Fusarium spp. and FBs level) and significant (P ≤ 0.05) for TKW. Among identified Fusarium spp., F. verticillioides was predominant, with the highest presence found at 120 (62.41%) and 180 kg N ha−1 (61.81%). The occurrence of F. proliferatum was not significant at 0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1, with the highest value recorded at 120 kg N ha−1 (0.69%). The highest incidence of F. subglutinans was at 60 kg N ha−1 (4.94%). The higher presence of F. verticillioides was obtained in the inoculated (84.55%) compared to control ear treatments (36.59%), while it was vice versa for the incidence of F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans. The level of FBs was the highest at 120 kg N ha−1 (21.72 mg kg−1), especially in inoculated ear treatments (32.84 mg kg−1). A positive and significant relationship was found for NIK, with F. verticillioides and FBs level. Investigated years significantly influenced the incidence of Fusarium spp. In addition, there was a significant effect of hybrids on NIK, the incidence of Fusarium spp., and FBs levels. A higher incidence of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides and increased FBs level were recorded in NS 6030 hybrid compare to ZP 666. The mean FBs level in all the treatments was above a maximum limit (4 mg kg−1) adopted by EU regulation for unprocessed maize. The N rates did not have a consistent effect on the incidence of Fusarium spp. and FBs level. However, a hybrid effect was more consistent on the maize quality parameters, whereby the hybrid NS 6030 was more sensitive to fungal fumonisin producers and FBs contamination than ZP 666. In addition, the effect of the years significantly influenced the incidence of Fusarium spp., but did not affect on FBs level. These results indicate the importance of studying relationships between different factors affecting the occurrence of fungal contamination, therefore, improving preventative measures of maize protection would reduce the risks on animal and human health.

ACS Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Violeta Mandić; Zorica Bijelić; Slavica Stanković; Ana Obradović; Tanja Petrović; Tanja Vasić; Čedomir Radović. Influence of nitrogen rates and Fusarium verticillioides infection on Fusarium spp. and fumonisin contamination of maize kernels. Crop Protection 2021, 144, 105601 .

AMA Style

Vesna Krnjaja, Violeta Mandić, Zorica Bijelić, Slavica Stanković, Ana Obradović, Tanja Petrović, Tanja Vasić, Čedomir Radović. Influence of nitrogen rates and Fusarium verticillioides infection on Fusarium spp. and fumonisin contamination of maize kernels. Crop Protection. 2021; 144 ():105601.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Violeta Mandić; Zorica Bijelić; Slavica Stanković; Ana Obradović; Tanja Petrović; Tanja Vasić; Čedomir Radović. 2021. "Influence of nitrogen rates and Fusarium verticillioides infection on Fusarium spp. and fumonisin contamination of maize kernels." Crop Protection 144, no. : 105601.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Biotehnologija u stocarstvu
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The aim of this study was to establish the total fungal (mould) count in 79 commercial pig farm feed samples (42 samples for piglets, 29 samples for fattening pigs and 8 samples for sows) collected from the Serbian feed producers during the three-year period (2017-2019), as well as to evaluate the percentage of contamination samples by fungi, especially species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera. Using standard mycological methods, the total count and identification of fungi were determined. Total fungal count was ranging from 1 ? 102 to 1.41 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for piglets. Furthermore, in the feed samples for fattening pigs it ranged from1 ? 102 to 2.54 ? 105 cfu g-1, and from 1 ? 102 to 1.93 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for sows. It has established the impermissible limit of total fungal count in 3.45% and 4.76% of a feed for fattening pigs and feed for piglets, respectively. Statistical analysis of the total number of fungi did not establish significant differences between the examined feed groups. Fusarium species were present in the most feed samples for fattening pigs (65.52%), followed by the feed for sows (62.50%) and piglets (47.62%). Aspergillus species were determined in 59.52, 58.62 and 37.50% feed samples for piglets, fattening pigs and sows, respectively. Penicillium species contaminated the lowest percentage of feed samples for fattening pigs (27.59%) and the highest percentage of feed samples for sows (37.50%). In a small number of samples Alternaria, Mucor, and Rhizopus species were identified. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the investigation of fungal contamination is an important indicator of a hygienic condition of feed intended for the nutrition of farm pigs. In addition, the percentage of fungal contamination of the examined samples indicates a potentially high risk to animal health. Due to that, a regular mycological evaluation is necessary to assess nutritional quality as one of the fundamental criteria for feed safety.

ACS Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Aleksandar Stanojkovic; Tanja Petrovic; Violeta Mandic; Zorica Bijelic; Cedomir Radovic; Nikola Delic. Fungal contamination of pig farm feeds. Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 2021, 37, 139 -147.

AMA Style

Vesna Krnjaja, Aleksandar Stanojkovic, Tanja Petrovic, Violeta Mandic, Zorica Bijelic, Cedomir Radovic, Nikola Delic. Fungal contamination of pig farm feeds. Biotehnologija u stocarstvu. 2021; 37 (2):139-147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Aleksandar Stanojkovic; Tanja Petrovic; Violeta Mandic; Zorica Bijelic; Cedomir Radovic; Nikola Delic. 2021. "Fungal contamination of pig farm feeds." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 37, no. 2: 139-147.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in Agriculture
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The successful production of soybeans is largely dependent on the sowing time, because every sowing outside the optimal time contributes significantly to yield losses. This field study aimed to evaluate the effects of sowing time (optimal—April 5; late—April 27) on the quantitative and quality traits of three soybean genotypes (Galina—0 maturity group; Sava—I maturity group; and Rubin—II maturity group) under dryland conditions in Vojvodina Province (Serbia) during 2017 and 2018. The genotype Sava had higher yield in climatic-unfavorable 2017, while Rubin had a higher yield in climatic-favorable 2018. The yields significantly decreased when the soybeans were sown in late April due to reductions in the number of pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and 1000-seed weight. The reduction in yield components was likely due to the accelerated senescence of plants and the negative effect of high temperature and low precipitation during the seed filling stage. Accordingly, the various sowing times and properly chosen genotypes provide a better utilization of soil and water resources. A proper genotype selection and sowing time can contribute to a high yield. At the same time, the protein and oil contents can be altered by the sowing time, especially under water stress during the reproductive stage.

ACS Style

Violeta Mandić; Snežana Đorđević; Nikola Đorđević; Zorica Bijelić; Vesna Krnjaja; Maja Petričević; Milan Brankov. Genotype and Sowing Time Effects on Soybean Yield and Quality. Agriculture 2020, 10, 502 .

AMA Style

Violeta Mandić, Snežana Đorđević, Nikola Đorđević, Zorica Bijelić, Vesna Krnjaja, Maja Petričević, Milan Brankov. Genotype and Sowing Time Effects on Soybean Yield and Quality. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (11):502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Violeta Mandić; Snežana Đorđević; Nikola Đorđević; Zorica Bijelić; Vesna Krnjaja; Maja Petričević; Milan Brankov. 2020. "Genotype and Sowing Time Effects on Soybean Yield and Quality." Agriculture 10, no. 11: 502.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2020 in Agronomy
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The main nitrogen (N) sources in soybean production originate from soil fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium spp. and from mineralization of soil organic N. These sources of N are often not sufficient to cover the N needs of the soybean. The present two-year field study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean genotypes (Valjevka and Galina) and rates of starter fertilizer N (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha−1) on quantitative and qualitative parameters and on rain use efficiency (RUE) under contrasting weather conditions in the Pannonian region of Serbia. A field study conducted during two different growing seasons: first year with unfavorable weather conditions and second year with favorable weather conditions. As expected, the quantitative parameters, oil content, and RUE were higher in the year with favorable growing season, the second one. According to measured parameters, the genotype Valjevka performed higher yield potential as compared to the genotype Galina. The highest values of quantitative parameters and RUE were recorded at 60 kg N ha−1, protein content at 90 kg N ha−1 and oil content 0 kg N ha−1 (control). This study suggests that proper genotype selection and application of 60 kg N ha−1 as a starter dose with rhizobial inoculation could contribute to the high yield, while protein could be altered by N amount, independently on genotype.

ACS Style

Violeta Mandić; Snežana Đorđević; Zorica Bijelić; Vesna Krnjaja; Vlada Pantelić; Aleksandar Simić; Vesna Dragičević. Agronomic Responses of Soybean Genotypes to Starter Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate. Agronomy 2020, 10, 535 .

AMA Style

Violeta Mandić, Snežana Đorđević, Zorica Bijelić, Vesna Krnjaja, Vlada Pantelić, Aleksandar Simić, Vesna Dragičević. Agronomic Responses of Soybean Genotypes to Starter Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (4):535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Violeta Mandić; Snežana Đorđević; Zorica Bijelić; Vesna Krnjaja; Vlada Pantelić; Aleksandar Simić; Vesna Dragičević. 2020. "Agronomic Responses of Soybean Genotypes to Starter Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate." Agronomy 10, no. 4: 535.

Review
Published: 24 January 2019 in Toxins
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Due to its divergent chemical composition and good nutritional properties, pollen is not only important as a potential food supplement but also as a good substrate for the development of different microorganisms. Among such microorganisms, toxigenic fungi are extremely dangerous as they can synthesize mycotoxins as a part of their metabolic pathways. Furthermore, favorable conditions that enable the synthesis of mycotoxins (adequate temperature, relative humidity, pH, and aw values) are found frequently during pollen collection and/or production process. Internationally, several different mycotoxins have been identified in pollen samples, with a noted predominance of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin. Mycotoxins are, generally speaking, extremely harmful for humans and other mammals. Current EU legislation contains guidelines on the permissible content of this group of compounds, but without information pertaining to the content of mycotoxins in pollen. Currently only aflatoxins have been researched and discussed in the literature in regard to proposed limits. Therefore, the aim of this review is to give information about the presence of different mycotoxins in pollen samples collected all around the world, to propose possible aflatoxin contamination pathways, and to emphasize the importance of a regular mycotoxicological analysis of pollen. Furthermore, a suggestion is made regarding the legal regulation of pollen as a food supplement and the proposed tolerable limits for other mycotoxins.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Ž. Kostić; Danijel D. Milinčić; Tanja S. Petrović; Vesna S. Krnjaja; Sladjana P. Stanojević; Miroljub B. Barać; Živoslav Lj. Tešić; Mirjana B. Pešić. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Pollen: Review. Toxins 2019, 11, 64 .

AMA Style

Aleksandar Ž. Kostić, Danijel D. Milinčić, Tanja S. Petrović, Vesna S. Krnjaja, Sladjana P. Stanojević, Miroljub B. Barać, Živoslav Lj. Tešić, Mirjana B. Pešić. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Pollen: Review. Toxins. 2019; 11 (2):64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Ž. Kostić; Danijel D. Milinčić; Tanja S. Petrović; Vesna S. Krnjaja; Sladjana P. Stanojević; Miroljub B. Barać; Živoslav Lj. Tešić; Mirjana B. Pešić. 2019. "Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Pollen: Review." Toxins 11, no. 2: 64.

Journal article
Published: 08 November 2018 in Toxins
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Fusarium graminearum as the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its ability to produce trichothecenes was investigated by molecular techniques. A total of 37 strains isolated from the wheat, harvested in Serbia in 2005, 2008 and 2015, and previously designated by morphological observation as F. graminearum, were used for trichothecene genotypes characterization. The strains were identified using the species-specific primer set FG16R/FG16F while genotypic characterization was done using specific TRI13 and TRI3 sequences of the trichothecene gene clusters. The PCR assays identified all strains as species of F. graminearum sensu stricto with the DON/15-ADON genotype. The quantification of the mycotoxin (DON) was performed using the biochemical assay. The high levels of DON (>20,000 µg kg−1) were recorded in all of the strains from 2005, four strains from 2008 and two strains from 2015. Weather data of the investigated seasons, showed that the optimal temperature, frequent rains and high relative humidity (RH) was very favourable for the development of F. graminearum, affecting the DON biosynthesis.

ACS Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Slavica Stanković; Ana Obradović; Tanja Petrović; Violeta Mandić; Zorica Bijelić; Manja Božić. Trichothecene Genotypes of Fusarium graminearum Populations Isolated from Winter Wheat Crops in Serbia. Toxins 2018, 10, 460 .

AMA Style

Vesna Krnjaja, Slavica Stanković, Ana Obradović, Tanja Petrović, Violeta Mandić, Zorica Bijelić, Manja Božić. Trichothecene Genotypes of Fusarium graminearum Populations Isolated from Winter Wheat Crops in Serbia. Toxins. 2018; 10 (11):460.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Slavica Stanković; Ana Obradović; Tanja Petrović; Violeta Mandić; Zorica Bijelić; Manja Božić. 2018. "Trichothecene Genotypes of Fusarium graminearum Populations Isolated from Winter Wheat Crops in Serbia." Toxins 10, no. 11: 460.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2018 in Crop Protection
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Field trials were set up in the Belgrade area (Serbia) in 2013 and 2014 to determine the effect of plant density on the natural incidence of potentially toxigenic fungi and the level of mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FBs) in two Serbian maize hybrids of the FAO maturity group 700 (ZP 735 and NS Zenit). Three plant density treatments, namely, 55,000 plants ha−1 (PD1), 64,000 plants ha−1 (PD2) and 75,000 plants ha−1 (PD3), were evaluated. The incidence of identified potentially toxigenic fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium and the FB level increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) at PD3. The effect of year was also significant (P ≤ 0.01) on the incidence of toxigenic fungi, as all fungal species had a higher incidence in 2014 than in 2013, with the exception of Aspergillus spp. that showed a significantly higher incidence in 2013. Levels of all tested mycotoxins were higher in 2014 than in 2013. The higher incidence of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium verticillioides and Penicillium spp. and higher levels of AFB1 and FBs were observed in the hybrid ZP 735, whereas the hybrid NS Zenit had a higher incidence of Aspergillus spp. The effect of hybrids was not significant on the incidence of F. subglutinans and the DON level. These results indicated that the highest investigated plant density increased the fungal incidence and the FB level, especially in 2014. Although the two hybrids originated from the same FAO group, they differed in their effects on some toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins.

ACS Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Violeta Mandić; Slavica Stanković; Ana Obradović; Tanja Vasić; Miloš Lukić; Zorica Bijelić. Influence of plant density on toxigenic fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize grains. Crop Protection 2018, 116, 126 -131.

AMA Style

Vesna Krnjaja, Violeta Mandić, Slavica Stanković, Ana Obradović, Tanja Vasić, Miloš Lukić, Zorica Bijelić. Influence of plant density on toxigenic fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize grains. Crop Protection. 2018; 116 ():126-131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vesna Krnjaja; Violeta Mandić; Slavica Stanković; Ana Obradović; Tanja Vasić; Miloš Lukić; Zorica Bijelić. 2018. "Influence of plant density on toxigenic fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize grains." Crop Protection 116, no. : 126-131.

Research article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists
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The primary aim of this research was to investigate the effect of dilute alkaline steeping on molds and toxicity of maize malt. Samples of maize were collected from one farm located in the Serbian autonomous region Vojvodina. Steeping regimes were performed by using 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% NaOH solutions. The effects of these solutions on mold contamination, total aflatoxin (AFLA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON), rootlet length, moisture, total nitrogen, content of protein, fat content, ash content, content of total carbohydrates, and energy value of maize malt were evaluated. Steeping in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% NaOH reduced the levels of molds from 106 to 104 CFU/g, and steeping in 0.3% NaOH eliminated some of the mold genera. Also, it significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the level of total AFLA, DON, and ZON. However, steeping in (control) water also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the level of DON and ZON. Malting also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) total nitrogen and therefore content of proteins. However, steeping in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% NaOH caused significantly smaller reductions (P < 0.05). Significant reduction (P < 0.05) was also observed in the rootlet length, content of fat, and ash content. Steeping in 0.3% NaOH is proposed as a method for the reduction of mold and AFLA, DON, and ZON contamination during maize malting. Energy value of maize increases in the malting process regardless of the steeping regime.

ACS Style

Marko M. Jauković; Veselinka M. Zečević; Slavica Ž. Stanković; Vesna S. Krnjaja; Tanja S. Nikić; Stanislava M. Bailović; Jelena I. Tadić. Effect of Dilute Alkaline Steeping on Mold Contamination, Toxicity, and Nutritive Value of Maize Malt. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2017, 75, 369 -373.

AMA Style

Marko M. Jauković, Veselinka M. Zečević, Slavica Ž. Stanković, Vesna S. Krnjaja, Tanja S. Nikić, Stanislava M. Bailović, Jelena I. Tadić. Effect of Dilute Alkaline Steeping on Mold Contamination, Toxicity, and Nutritive Value of Maize Malt. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists. 2017; 75 (4):369-373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marko M. Jauković; Veselinka M. Zečević; Slavica Ž. Stanković; Vesna S. Krnjaja; Tanja S. Nikić; Stanislava M. Bailović; Jelena I. Tadić. 2017. "Effect of Dilute Alkaline Steeping on Mold Contamination, Toxicity, and Nutritive Value of Maize Malt." Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 75, no. 4: 369-373.

Hive product science
Published: 22 November 2016 in Journal of Apicultural Research
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Assessment of microbiological quality of bee collected pollen is very important, because of its use as a supplement in the human diet. In this study, 26 samples collected from different location in Serbia were tested for the presence of mold through mycologial analysis. The presence of aflatoxin B1, one of the most dangerous and the most widespread mycotoxin was also determined. It was established that 10 of the investigated samples were contaminated with some genera or species of mold, but all of the investigated samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Considering that there is no unique and official procedure for mycological analysis of bee collected pollen, these findings suggest the need for their establishment. Mycological analysis should be followed by mycotoxicological analysis since the absence of mold does not confirm the absence of aflatoxin B1 in bee pollen.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Ž. Kostić; Tanja S Petrović; Vesna S Krnjaja; Nebojša M Nedić; Živoslav Lj Tešić; Dušanka M Milojković-Opsenica; Miroljub B Barać; Slađana P Stanojević; Mirjana B Pešić. Mold/aflatoxin contamination of honey bee collected pollen from different Serbian regions. Journal of Apicultural Research 2016, 56, 13 -20.

AMA Style

Aleksandar Ž. Kostić, Tanja S Petrović, Vesna S Krnjaja, Nebojša M Nedić, Živoslav Lj Tešić, Dušanka M Milojković-Opsenica, Miroljub B Barać, Slađana P Stanojević, Mirjana B Pešić. Mold/aflatoxin contamination of honey bee collected pollen from different Serbian regions. Journal of Apicultural Research. 2016; 56 (1):13-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Ž. Kostić; Tanja S Petrović; Vesna S Krnjaja; Nebojša M Nedić; Živoslav Lj Tešić; Dušanka M Milojković-Opsenica; Miroljub B Barać; Slađana P Stanojević; Mirjana B Pešić. 2016. "Mold/aflatoxin contamination of honey bee collected pollen from different Serbian regions." Journal of Apicultural Research 56, no. 1: 13-20.