A total of 415 cheese samples produced with raw or cooked milk collected from local markets were analysed for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci. In 85 (20.48%) samples the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci was detected. The ELFA technique VIDAS SET2 (BioMerieux, France) was used for testing coagulase-positive staphylococci strains to produce classical enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE), and to determine the enterotoxins in cheese samples. The number of coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheese samples ranged from 1-5.79 log CFU g ^-1 . Out of 85 coagulase-positive strains 26 (30.59%) produced enterotoxins. The presence of genes for the synthesis of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in the obtained extracts of DNA from 26 enterotoxigenic strains was detected by conventional multiplex PCR technique (for genes sea and seb ) i.e. the Real-Time PCR technique for genes sec , sed and see . In all 26 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (originating from cheeses produced from raw or cooked milk, which were enterotoxin producers) sea was present, and in 24 strains in addition to sea gene, seb was detected. None of the isolates possessed genes for the synthesis of enterotoxin C (SEC), D (SED) and E (SEE). Out of 26 tested cheese samples positive for enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci, enterotoxin was detected in 2 (7.69%) samples of sweet-coagulating cheese, in which the number of enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeded 5 log CFU g ^-1 . In sweet-coagulating cheeses in which the number of coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeds 5 log CFU g ^-1 and the pH value was higher than 5.0, enterotoxins may be present in amounts sufficient to cause intoxication.

Bulk tank milk somatic cell counts are the indicator of the mammary gland health in the dairy herds and may be regarded as an indirect measure of milk quality. Elevated somatic cell counts are correlated with changes in milk composition The aim of this study was to assess the somatic cell counts that significantly affect the quality of milk and dairy products. We examined the somatic cell counts in bulk tank milk samples from 38 farms during the period of 6 months, from December to the May of the next year. The flow cytometry, Fossomatic was used for determination of somatic cell counts. In the same samples content of total proteins and lactose was determined by Milcoscan. Our results showed that average values for bulk tank milk samples were 273,605/ml from morning milking and 292,895/ml from evening milking. The average values for total proteins content from morning and evening milking are 3,31 and 3,34%, respectively. The average values for lactose content from morning and evening milking are 4,56 and 4,63%, respectively. The highest somatic cell count (516,000/ml) was detected in bulk tank milk sample from evening milk in the Winter and the lowest content of lactose was 4,46%. Our results showed that obtained values for bulk tank milk somatic cell counts did not significantly affected the content of total proteins and lactose.

The chemical composition of donkey and sheep milk showed significant differences, with donkey milk containing less fat and protein and a higher level of lactose, while sheep milk had more dry matter and a higher proportion of casein and saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study investigated the biological effects of in vitro-digested donkey and sheep milk, and their blends at different ratios, on differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Gene expression analysis showed that treatment with digested donkey milk (100%) significantly altered the expression of the autophagy-related gene (SQSTM1), tight junction (CLDN4), and innate defense genes (DEFB1, MUC2, and MUC5), showing a non-cytotoxic response and a profile consistent with a barrier-related transcriptional response. In contrast, sheep milk (100%) and certain milk blends (70% and 50% sheep’s milk) down-regulated genes involved in the autophagy process (ULK1, AMBRA, BECN1, ATG5, GABARAP, and SQSTM1), tight junction genes (OCLN and CDH1), and innate defense genes (DEFB1 and MUC2), suggesting a distinct epithelial response that warrants further confirmation. Metabolomic profiling revealed clear compositional and functional distinctions among the digested milks, identifying 166 metabolites that were differentially regulated (136 compounds were down-regulated and 30 up-regulated). Donkey milk digestion yielded a metabolite profile enriched in polar peptides and compounds with reported antioxidant associations, whereas sheep milk digestion showed a different pattern dominated by hydrophobic peptides and lipid-related metabolites. These findings indicate that, under the tested in vitro conditions, donkey milk digestion is associated with gene expression and metabolomic patterns consistent with epithelial barrier support.

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Background. The traditional knowledge about herbal use in veterinary medicine in Serbs is voluminous. However, that wealth is threatened to oblivion because new times give modern methods of treatment. Hence, the aim of this report was to present the collected data about folk methods of treatment and nutrition by the help of available plants related to the animals in Serbs what could be applied in up to date veterinary pharmacy. Methods. The questionnaire of 28 questions was prepared regarding the breeding, nutrition and medical treatment of domestic animals as well as the herbal list of medicinal plants to use. The study is based on the ”Show-and-Tell Technique” from the groups people without veterinary or medical education, with preference to people living in the remote settlements without resident veterinary services. Results. Interviewed persons were in the age range of 30-90 years. Plant interviewee were asked to show the plant species in a fresh or dried condition (for adequate identification). The 1120 filled inquiry sheets were analysed. Ninety two herbs were presented, of whom the most frequent noted were Carlina acaulis, Asteraceae (6 times) and Geum urbanum, Rosaceae (5 times). The most frequent treated diseases were of digestive (47%) and pulmonary system (25%), skin (hair, hoof) (8%) and urinary system (7%). Among “other” cathegory answers like “generaly good for helath” are included. Conclusion. It is still open question for the scientific branches of veterinary pharmacology to find out active ingredients, mechanism of action and application of some plants in the scope of veterinary pharmacology, phytochemistry and phytopharmacology. In that way the listed herbs in this work, which are still not in use nowadays, could be recognized as commercially available.