Background/Objectives: Cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity is commonly associated with oxidative stress; however, the early biological events preceding overt tissue injury remain incompletely characterized. Identifying interventions capable of preserving redox homeostasis during this subacute phase may improve our understanding of the initial mechanisms underlying testicular dysfunction. This study investigated whether methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound with antioxidant properties, modulates early oxidative responses in a subacute rat model of cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. Methods: Thirty-two adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Control, Cisplatin (CIS), MSM, and CIS + MSM groups (n = 8/group). MSM (500 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) was administered for 10 consecutive days, while a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was given on day 7. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, intratesticular testosterone concentrations, inflammatory cytokines, GPX4 and HO-1 protein expression, histopathological alterations, and correlation analyses were evaluated. Results: Cisplatin exposure induced a marked oxidative imbalance, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde levels and reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and intratesticular testosterone concentrations (p < 0.05). MSM administration attenuated lipid peroxidation, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, and preserved intratesticular testosterone levels. Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant increase in GPX4 protein expression following cisplatin exposure, whereas MSM normalized GPX4 expression toward control values. In contrast, HO-1 expression and intratesticular IL-6 and TNF-α levels did not differ among the experimental groups. Histopathological evaluation revealed only mild structural alterations without corresponding differences in Johnsen score, indicating that biochemical and molecular disturbances preceded overt tissue degeneration. Correlation analysis further demonstrated close associations between antioxidant defense and preservation of endocrine function. Conclusions: Subacute cisplatin exposure primarily disrupted testicular redox homeostasis before prominent histopathological injury became evident. MSM was associated with attenuation of these early oxidative alterations accompanied by improved endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, higher intratesticular testosterone concentrations, and normalization of GPX4 expression. These findings suggest that MSM may contribute to the maintenance of testicular redox homeostasis during the early phase of cisplatin-induced toxicity under the present experimental conditions.

Flipped learning is a learning model in which students are active and effective. This study is a quasi-experimental study conducted using a pretest-posttest-follow-up test design with experimental and control groups to evaluate the effect of flipped learning on the education of second-year dental students regarding the facial nerve in neuroanatomy. The study was conducted with 59 students in the experimental (n = 28) and control (n = 31) groups in the 2nd year of Giresun University Faculty of Dentistry. Data were collected using the "Student Demographic Characteristics Form", "Facial Nerve Anatomy Knowledge Test", and "Flipped Learning Feedback Form". Students in the experimental group were trained using the flipped learning method prepared by the researchers. Students in the control group were trained using the traditional education method. Permission and ethical approval were obtained from the institution where the study was conducted (19.03.2025, no:2025/47). A statistically significant difference was found between the pretest, posttest, and follow-up test scores on the facial nerve anatomy knowledge test for students in the experimental group (p = 0.000). A statistically significant difference was also found between the pretest, posttest, and follow-up test scores for students in the control group (p = 0.022). However, no statistically significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups across all three tests (p > 0.05). Students in the experimental group rated the benefits of the flipped learning method as beneficial, with a median value of 4 (3-4). In this study, both flipped learning and the traditional teaching method significantly improved students' knowledge of facial nerve anatomy. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. As a student-centered approach, flipped learning can serve as a complementary method to traditional anatomy education.

Aims: This study aimed to examine the effect of visual worksheets on students’ short-term learning outcomes and study behaviors in anatomy education. Methods: The study was conducted with 96 first-year students at the faculty of dentistry. After theoretical and laboratory instruction on the anatomy of neck muscles and triangles, students completed structured visual worksheets. Data collection tools included a pre-test, post-test, the Study Behavior Scale (SBS), a demographic form, and a post-intervention feedback questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: After the visual worksheet intervention, students’ academic performance significantly improved (pre-test X=4.95; post test X=23.54; z=-8.52, p< 0.001). Students who studied before class scored significantly higher in the SBS subscales of "Initiation and Persistence," "Conscious Study," and "Exam Preparation" (p

Objective: Palmar creases, which develop during embryonic life, are clinically important for identifying potential chromosomal abnormalities. This paper investigated palmar creases' definition, variation, course, type, and class. Material and Methods: The sample comprised 753 right and left hands of 377 participants (222 females and 155 males). Participants were recruited from the Faculty of Medicine of Karadeniz Technical University. Their palmar creases were visualized and classified according to the type, location, and relationship with each other. Results: The distal transverse, proximal transverse, and thenar creases were predominantly of the forked type. When comparing the localization types of the proximal transverse and thenar creases on the radial side of the right and left hands by gender, the closed type was found to be the most common in both hands. Conclusion: This study focused on palmar creases. Our results provide clues for early detection of chromosomal aberrations. We think that we need to define palmar creases as a useful indicator during surgery.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the three-dimensional morphology of the aerated maxillary sinus using CT-based air-cavity reconstruction and to evaluate its relationship with selected morphometric parameters, septa characteristics, bilateral symmetry, and dental root extension. Methods: This retrospective study included 125 paranasal computed tomography (CT) examinations from 61 males, 64 females (mean age 37.04 ± 15.37 years), corresponding to 250 maxillary sinuses. Three-dimensional air-cavity segmentation was performed using Mimics software following a standardized Hounsfield unit-based thresholding protocol. Morphological patterns of the aerated cavity were classified according to internal compartmentalization and associated morphological features. Morphometric measurements, including ostium-to-sinus-floor distance, axial sinus dimensions, multiplanar septal characteristics, and dental root extension, were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: Unilocular morphology represented the predominant configuration on both sides (right: 55.2%; left: 53.6%), whereas bilocular and multilocular patterns were less common. Morphologically more complex configurations demonstrated a higher frequency of coronal and axial septa than simple unilocular cavities. Side-to-side differences were identified for ostium-to-sinus-floor distance (p = 0.050), axial longitudinal sinus length (p = 0.027), and pole measurements (p < 0.001). Dental root extension was more frequent on the left side (16.0%) than on the right (6.4%; p = 0.002). Male participants exhibited greater ostium-to-sinus-floor distances and larger axial sinus dimensions than females (all p < 0.05), whereas age showed only a weak negative correlation with left axial transverse sinus length (ρ = −0.191, p = 0.032). Inter-observer agreement for the proposed 18-category three-dimensional morphological classification was substantial (Cohen’s κ = 0.726 for the right side and κ = 0.717 for the left side; both p < 0.001). Conclusions: CT-based three-dimensional air-cavity reconstruction enabled detailed evaluation of the internal morphology of the aerated maxillary sinus. The observed variability in morphological patterns, septa distribution, and selected morphometric characteristics suggests that assessment of the aerated cavity may complement conventional morphometric evaluation of the maxillary sinus. These findings provide a descriptive anatomical reference that may support future radiological, anatomical, and computational investigations of maxillary sinus morphology.