The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of different drying methods on the physical and chemical properties of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to determine their potential as an alternative protein source in animal feed. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (BSFL type × drying method), with five replications. The influence of post-harvest procedures was studied, including the different BSFL types (non-defatted and defatted) and drying methods (parabola dome, hot air oven, and microwave). The results showed that the types of BSFL, drying methods, and their interaction significantly (p < 0.001) influenced the feed’s physical properties; these included the brightness of color (L* 29.74–54.07; a* 0.40–5.95; b* 9.04–25.57), medium bulk density (381.54–494.58 g/L), free flow with an angle of repose (41.30–45.40°), and small particle size. They significantly (p < 0.001) influenced the nutritive value of BSFL, which contained 42–59% crude protein, 7–14% crude fiber, 9–30% ether extract, and 5035–5861 kcal/kg of energy. Overall, both BSFL types and all the drying methods resulted in a slight variation in the proximate composition. However, a microwave and a hot-air oven were considered the most suitable methods for producing BSFL powder because of the high levels of nutrients retained and the improved physical parameters when compared to a parabola dome. This characterization of the physical and chemical composition of BSFL represents a preliminary methodology that could be used to initially preprocess larvae for use as an alternative protein source in animal feed and for other applications.

The production of citric acid produces 70% waste product or by-product. This by-product is produced by microbial fermentation which could be used as an alternative raw material for animal feed because it still contains citric acid, which could help to reduce pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physical and chemical value of citric acid by-product from rice (CABR) to compare the properties with those of rice bran and broken rice and to determine its potential as an alternative energy source in animal feed. The chemical composition of CABR was calculated using proximate analysis. The color of CABR was darker, and the bulk density value was 549.65 (g/L) (p < 0.05). With free flow, the angle of repose was 40^°, and the particle size had less polygonal starch granules. CABR had a low pH of 4.77 and contained 19.80% crude protein, 11.97% crude fiber, and 4005.72 kcal/kg of energy. CABR had a higher crude protein value than broken rice and rice bran and a higher gross energy value than broken rice but less than rice bran. It also had a higher crude fiber value (p > 0.05). The results suggest that CABR could be utilized as an energy and protein source for animal feed formulations.

Two new species of Polyalthia from Peninsular Thailand, Polyalthia heliopetala and P. taweensis, are described and illustrated. Polyalthia heliopetala most closely resembles P. oblonga and P. motleyana. Polyalthia taweensis most closely resembles P. obliqua. Polyalthia pumila is newly reported for Thailand from a single locality; the species was previously known only from two localities in Peninsular Malaysia and has not been re-collected in over 100 years.

Three new species of Polyalthia are described and illustrated. Two of the new species are part of the Polyalthia evecta species complex, while the third species belongs to a species group including P. cinnamomea and P. stenopetala.

Caddisflies (Trichoptera) are abundant and diverse aquatic insects. Their immature stages inhabit a wide range of aquatic environments, making them ideal candidates for water quality biomonitoring. However, the limited morphological characteristics available for species identification in the immature stages pose a significant challenge to their application in biomonitoring. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of DNA barcoding, based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences, for species identification of caddisflies in Thailand. A total of 1,487 adult specimens were collected and morphologically identified into 13 species across 8 genera and 4 families. From these taxa, 88 COI sequences were generated from representative specimens. Maximum intraspecific genetic divergence ranged from 0% to 3.08%. Only three species were successfully matched to COI sequences in the BOLD database, while nine species are reported here for the first time, and one species remained ambiguous. Integrating COI barcoding sequences with morphological data revealed that one species, morphologically similar to Triplectides indicus (Walker 1852), represents a novel species, Triplectides buengkanensis sp. nov. We provide a detailed description, illustrations, diagnostic features, and DNA barcoding sequences for this new species.

Polyalthia khaosokense, a new species from southern Thailand is described, and photographs and illustrations are provided. Additionally, the key to the species in the Polyalthia evecta complex has been updated to include the new species. Currently, the complex comprises 12 species, whereas the genus now includes 22 species in Thailand.