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H. Heuer
Institute for Electronic Packaging and Assembly, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Article
Published: 23 June 2021 in Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation
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The present work estimated the accuracy of non-destructive tests in quantifying the delaminated area in CFRP samples submitted to a 4-point end notched flexure test, to evaluate the relevance of measuring the delamination area to calculate fracture toughness in mode II, instead of of the traditional method which evaluates the delamination length visually through the sample lateral faces. In this way, IR thermography, eddy current, ultrasonic microscopy, and X-ray computed microtomography (as reference) tests were employed. A methodological sequence based on image processing algorithms was performed to calculate the values of the delaminated areas for all NDT techniques. The first two techniques did not provide a clear separation between the defective and intact zones and are strongly influenced by edge effects. The result is different for the two last tests, which demonstrated a satisfactory definition of the delamination limit region. The ultrasonic microscopy test revealed results similar to microtomography, proving to be a promising alternative for this type of measurement. In addition, the importance of using more accurate methods in calculating the crack length is emphasized, as the traditional visual measurement can be highly susceptible to errors and does not allow evaluating potential tunneling effects or an uneven delamination front.

ACS Style

Daniel Scandiuzzi Valença de Castro; Nataliia Matvieieva; Marcella Grosso; Cesar Giron Camerini; Hector Guillermo Kotik; Henning Heuer. Evaluation of Mode II Delamination Area by Non-destructive Techniques: Accuracy and Influence on Fracture Toughness Calculation. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 2021, 40, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Daniel Scandiuzzi Valença de Castro, Nataliia Matvieieva, Marcella Grosso, Cesar Giron Camerini, Hector Guillermo Kotik, Henning Heuer. Evaluation of Mode II Delamination Area by Non-destructive Techniques: Accuracy and Influence on Fracture Toughness Calculation. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 2021; 40 (3):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Scandiuzzi Valença de Castro; Nataliia Matvieieva; Marcella Grosso; Cesar Giron Camerini; Hector Guillermo Kotik; Henning Heuer. 2021. "Evaluation of Mode II Delamination Area by Non-destructive Techniques: Accuracy and Influence on Fracture Toughness Calculation." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 40, no. 3: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Coatings
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The suppression of unnecessary radio-electronic noise and the protection of electronic devices from electromagnetic interference by the use of pliable highly microwave radiation absorbing composite materials based on polymers or rubbers filled with conductive and magnetic fillers have been proposed. Since the working frequency bands of electronic devices and systems are rapidly expanding up to the millimeter wave range, the capabilities of absorbing and shielding composites should be evaluated for increasing operating frequency. The point is that the absorption capacity of conductive and magnetic fillers essentially decreases as the frequency increases. Therefore, this paper is devoted to the absorbing capabilities of composites filled with high-loss dielectric fillers, in which absorption significantly increases as frequency rises, and it is possible to achieve the maximum frequency selective of absorption due to electromagnetic and electromechanical resonances.

ACS Style

Artem Prokopchuk; Ivan Zozulia; Yurii Didenko; Dmytro Tatarchuk; Henning Heuer; Yuriy Poplavko. Dielectric Permittivity Model for Polymer–Filler Composite Materials by the Example of Ni- and Graphite-Filled Composites for High-Frequency Absorbing Coatings. Coatings 2021, 11, 172 .

AMA Style

Artem Prokopchuk, Ivan Zozulia, Yurii Didenko, Dmytro Tatarchuk, Henning Heuer, Yuriy Poplavko. Dielectric Permittivity Model for Polymer–Filler Composite Materials by the Example of Ni- and Graphite-Filled Composites for High-Frequency Absorbing Coatings. Coatings. 2021; 11 (2):172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Artem Prokopchuk; Ivan Zozulia; Yurii Didenko; Dmytro Tatarchuk; Henning Heuer; Yuriy Poplavko. 2021. "Dielectric Permittivity Model for Polymer–Filler Composite Materials by the Example of Ni- and Graphite-Filled Composites for High-Frequency Absorbing Coatings." Coatings 11, no. 2: 172.

Reference work
Published: 11 July 2018 in Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation
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High-Frequency Eddy Current Techniques (HFEC) refer to special Eddy Current Techniques which work in the frequency range of around 100 kHz to 100 MHz. The techniques are based on the normal Eddy Current technique. Using a coil, an electromagnetic field is induced in the surface of the component, which has to be evaluated. The electromagnetic field induces circling currents, the so called eddy currents. Depending on the electrical properties of the material in the area of this exciting field, a second electromagnetic field is induced, which is directed perpendicular to the exciting field. By analyzing the complex impedance of the measurement coil, variations of the electric properties of the medium can be analyzed. In the higher frequency range of HFEC, special sensors and hardware filters must be used. HFEC is better suited for applications in materials with very low electrical conductivity, such as titanium alloys, nickel-based superalloys and similar materials, Carbon composites, ceramic composites, and polymers and lossy dielectrics may be evaluated as well. With HFEC, it is possible to reach an improvement in the measurement effect as well as better lateral resolution with matching penetration depths for these applications in comparison to lower eddy current frequencies. Additionally, the measurement effect is not only influenced by inductive processes in the area affected by the eddy currents but also by capacitive effects and an increase in displacement currents, which increases the gathered information as well. Regarding the applications, measurement process, sensors and hardware, different specifics must to be considered.

ACS Style

Susanne Hillmann; Martin H. Schulze; Henning Heuer. High-Frequency Eddy Current Techniques. Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation 2018, 1 -28.

AMA Style

Susanne Hillmann, Martin H. Schulze, Henning Heuer. High-Frequency Eddy Current Techniques. Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation. 2018; ():1-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susanne Hillmann; Martin H. Schulze; Henning Heuer. 2018. "High-Frequency Eddy Current Techniques." Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation , no. : 1-28.

Fertigung
Published: 16 February 2018 in Lightweight Design
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ACS Style

Georg Bardl; Richard Kupke; Henning Heuer; Chokri Cherif. Wirbelstromprüfung in der CFK-Fertigung. Lightweight Design 2018, 11, 58 -63.

AMA Style

Georg Bardl, Richard Kupke, Henning Heuer, Chokri Cherif. Wirbelstromprüfung in der CFK-Fertigung. Lightweight Design. 2018; 11 (1):58-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georg Bardl; Richard Kupke; Henning Heuer; Chokri Cherif. 2018. "Wirbelstromprüfung in der CFK-Fertigung." Lightweight Design 11, no. 1: 58-63.

Production
Published: 16 February 2018 in Lightweight Design worldwide
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ACS Style

Georg Bardl; Richard Kupke; Henning Heuer; Chokri Cherif. Eddy current testing in CFRP production. Lightweight Design worldwide 2018, 11, 48 -53.

AMA Style

Georg Bardl, Richard Kupke, Henning Heuer, Chokri Cherif. Eddy current testing in CFRP production. Lightweight Design worldwide. 2018; 11 (1):48-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georg Bardl; Richard Kupke; Henning Heuer; Chokri Cherif. 2018. "Eddy current testing in CFRP production." Lightweight Design worldwide 11, no. 1: 48-53.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2017 in Sensors
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This paper propose a new concept of an eddy current (EC) multi-element sensor for the characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) to evaluate the orientations of plies in CFRP and the order of their stacking. The main advantage of the new sensors is the flexible parametrization by electronical switching that reduces the effort for mechanical manipulation. The sensor response was calculated and proved by 3D finite element (FE) modeling. This sensor is dedicated to nondestructive testing (NDT) and can be an alternative for conventional mechanical rotating and rectangular sensors.

ACS Style

Mohammed Naidjate; Bachir Helifa; Mouloud Feliachi; Iben-Khaldoun Lefkaier; Henning Heuer; Martin Schulze. A Smart Eddy Current Sensor Dedicated to the Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon Fibers Reinforced Polymers. Sensors 2017, 17, 1996 .

AMA Style

Mohammed Naidjate, Bachir Helifa, Mouloud Feliachi, Iben-Khaldoun Lefkaier, Henning Heuer, Martin Schulze. A Smart Eddy Current Sensor Dedicated to the Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon Fibers Reinforced Polymers. Sensors. 2017; 17 (9):1996.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Naidjate; Bachir Helifa; Mouloud Feliachi; Iben-Khaldoun Lefkaier; Henning Heuer; Martin Schulze. 2017. "A Smart Eddy Current Sensor Dedicated to the Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon Fibers Reinforced Polymers." Sensors 17, no. 9: 1996.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik
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ACS Style

Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. Session 56. Surface and volume functionalised BioCHIPs for adherent biomaterials. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 2017, 62, s515 -s516.

AMA Style

Susan Walter, Henning Heuer. Session 56. Surface and volume functionalised BioCHIPs for adherent biomaterials. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik. 2017; 62 (s1):s515-s516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. 2017. "Session 56. Surface and volume functionalised BioCHIPs for adherent biomaterials." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 62, no. s1: s515-s516.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2016 in Coatings
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Particle-based films are today an important part of various designs and they are implemented in structures as conductive parts, i.e., conductive paste printing in the manufacture of Li-ion batteries, solar cells or resistive paste printing in IC. Recently, particle based films were also implemented in the 3D printing technique, and are particularly important for use in aircraft, wind power, and the automotive industry when incorporated onto the surface of composite structures for protection against damages caused by a lightning strike. A crucial issue for the lightning protection area is to realize films with high homogeneity of electrical resistance where an in-situ noninvasive method has to be elaborated for quality monitoring to avoid undesirable financial and time costs. In this work the drying process of particle based films was investigated by high-frequency eddy current (HFEC) spectroscopy in order to work out an automated in-situ quality monitoring method with a focus on the electrical resistance of the films. Different types of particle based films deposited on dielectric and carbon fiber reinforced plastic substrates were investigated in the present study and results show that the HFEC method offers a good opportunity to monitor the overall drying process of particle based films. Based on that, an algorithm was developed, allowing prediction of the final electrical resistance of the particle based films throughout the drying process, and was successfully implemented in a prototype system based on the EddyCus® HFEC device platform presented in this work. This prototype is the first solution for a portable system allowing HFEC measurement on huge and uneven surfaces.

ACS Style

Iryna Patsora; Henning Heuer; Susanne Hillmann; Dmytro Tatarchuk. Study of a Particle Based Films Cure Process by High-Frequency Eddy Current Spectroscopy. Coatings 2016, 7, 3 .

AMA Style

Iryna Patsora, Henning Heuer, Susanne Hillmann, Dmytro Tatarchuk. Study of a Particle Based Films Cure Process by High-Frequency Eddy Current Spectroscopy. Coatings. 2016; 7 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iryna Patsora; Henning Heuer; Susanne Hillmann; Dmytro Tatarchuk. 2016. "Study of a Particle Based Films Cure Process by High-Frequency Eddy Current Spectroscopy." Coatings 7, no. 1: 3.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in Composites Part B: Engineering
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Ensuring the correct fiber orientation in draped textiles and 3D preforms is one of the current challenges in the production of carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), especially in resin transfer molding (RTM). Small deviations in fiber angle during preforming have a considerable effect on the mechanical properties of the final composite. Therefore, this paper presents an automated method for determining local yarn orientation in three-dimensionally draped, multi-layered fabrics. The draped fabric is scanned with a robot-guided high-frequency eddy current sensor to obtain an image of the sample's local conductivity and permittivity. From this image, the fiber orientation not only of the upper, but also of the lower, optically non-visible layers can be analyzed. A 2D Fast Fourier Transform is applied to local segments of the eddy current image to determine the local yarn orientation. Guidelines for processing the eddy current data, including phase rotation, filtering and evaluation segment size, are derived. For an intuitive visualization and analysis of the determined yarn orientation, reference yarn paths are reconstructed from the determined yarn angles. The developed process can be applied to quality inspection, process development and the validation of forming simulation results.

ACS Style

Georg Bardl; Andreas Nocke; Chokri Cherif; Matthias Pooch; Martin Schulze; Henning Heuer; Marko Schiller; Richard Kupke; Marcus Klein. Automated detection of yarn orientation in 3D-draped carbon fiber fabrics and preforms from eddy current data. Composites Part B: Engineering 2016, 96, 312 -324.

AMA Style

Georg Bardl, Andreas Nocke, Chokri Cherif, Matthias Pooch, Martin Schulze, Henning Heuer, Marko Schiller, Richard Kupke, Marcus Klein. Automated detection of yarn orientation in 3D-draped carbon fiber fabrics and preforms from eddy current data. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2016; 96 ():312-324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georg Bardl; Andreas Nocke; Chokri Cherif; Matthias Pooch; Martin Schulze; Henning Heuer; Marko Schiller; Richard Kupke; Marcus Klein. 2016. "Automated detection of yarn orientation in 3D-draped carbon fiber fabrics and preforms from eddy current data." Composites Part B: Engineering 96, no. : 312-324.

Conference paper
Published: 27 March 2015 in Smart Materials
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Eddy Current Testing has been mainly used to determine defects of conductive materials and wall thicknesses in heavy industries such as construction or aerospace. Recently, high frequency Eddy Current imaging technology was developed. This enables the acquirement of information of different depth level in conductive thin-film structures by realizing proper standard penetration depth. In this paper, we summarize the state of the art applications focusing on PV industry and extend the analysis implementing achievements by applying spatially resolved Eddy Current Testing. The specific state of frequency and complex phase angle rotation demonstrates diverse defects from front to back side of silicon solar cells and characterizes homogeneity of sheet resistance in Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) layers. In order to verify technical feasibility, measurement results from the Multi Parameter Eddy Current Scanner, MPECS are compared to the results from Electroluminescence.

ACS Style

Byungguk Hwang; Susanne Hillmann; Martin Schulze; Marcus Klein; Henning Heuer. Eddy current imaging for electrical characterization of silicon solar cells and TCO layers. Smart Materials 2015, 9439, 94390D .

AMA Style

Byungguk Hwang, Susanne Hillmann, Martin Schulze, Marcus Klein, Henning Heuer. Eddy current imaging for electrical characterization of silicon solar cells and TCO layers. Smart Materials. 2015; 9439 ():94390D.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Byungguk Hwang; Susanne Hillmann; Martin Schulze; Marcus Klein; Henning Heuer. 2015. "Eddy current imaging for electrical characterization of silicon solar cells and TCO layers." Smart Materials 9439, no. : 94390D.

Review
Published: 17 March 2015 in Composites Part B: Engineering
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Eddy current testing is well established for non-destructive testing of electrical conductive materials [1]. The development of radio frequency (RF) eddy current technology with frequency ranges up to 100 MHz made it possible to extend the classical fields of application even towards less conductive materials like CFRP [2][3](Table 2). It turns out that RF eddy current technology on CFRP generates a growing number of valuable information for comprehensive material diagnostic. Both permittivity and conductivity of CFRP influence the complex impedance measured with RF eddy current devices. The electrical conductivity contains information about fiber texture like orientations, gaps or undulations in a multilayered material. The permittivity characterization influenced by dielectric properties allows the determination of local curing defects on CFRP e.g. hot spots, thermal impacts or polymer degradation. An explanation for that effect is seen in the measurement frequency range and the capacitive structure of the carbon rovings. Using radio wave frequencies for testing, the effect of displacement currents cannot be neglected anymore. The capacitive structures formed by the carbon rovings is supposed to further strengthen the dielectric influences on eddy current measurement signal [3]. This report gives an overview of several realized applications and should be understood as a general introduction of CFRP testing by HF Radio Wave techniques.

ACS Style

H. Heuer; M. Schulze; M. Pooch; S. Gäbler; A. Nocke; G. Bardl; Chokri Cherif; M. Klein; R. Kupke; R. Vetter; F. Lenz; M. Kliem; C. Bülow; J. Goyvaerts; T. Mayer; S. Petrenz. Review on quality assurance along the CFRP value chain – Non-destructive testing of fabrics, preforms and CFRP by HF radio wave techniques. Composites Part B: Engineering 2015, 77, 494 -501.

AMA Style

H. Heuer, M. Schulze, M. Pooch, S. Gäbler, A. Nocke, G. Bardl, Chokri Cherif, M. Klein, R. Kupke, R. Vetter, F. Lenz, M. Kliem, C. Bülow, J. Goyvaerts, T. Mayer, S. Petrenz. Review on quality assurance along the CFRP value chain – Non-destructive testing of fabrics, preforms and CFRP by HF radio wave techniques. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2015; 77 ():494-501.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Heuer; M. Schulze; M. Pooch; S. Gäbler; A. Nocke; G. Bardl; Chokri Cherif; M. Klein; R. Kupke; R. Vetter; F. Lenz; M. Kliem; C. Bülow; J. Goyvaerts; T. Mayer; S. Petrenz. 2015. "Review on quality assurance along the CFRP value chain – Non-destructive testing of fabrics, preforms and CFRP by HF radio wave techniques." Composites Part B: Engineering 77, no. : 494-501.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2015 in IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
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This paper shows that the high-frequency eddy-current (HFEC) measurement devices can be used not only for characterizing conductivity and magnetic permeability related properties of electrically conductive materials, but also for permittivity characterization of insulators. Maxwell's equations, finite-element method simulations, and experimental research are applied to support this hypothesis. An industrial HFEC device is used to measure the change of dielectric properties during the curing process of the epoxy resin L20. The measurement results are in good agreement with the expected behavior of the parameters relative permittivity and tan δ during cure. Using a capacitive reference device, similar characteristics regarding the change of the complex permittivity of the resin can be observed. In addition, HFEC imaging results on polymethyl methacrylate are presented, discussed, and compared with capacitive imaging. HFEC permittivity mapping benefits from a high spatial resolution with a sensitivity and penetration depth that is at least comparable with those of capacitive imaging technology.

ACS Style

Simone Gabler; Henning Heuer; Gert Heinrich. Measuring and Imaging Permittivity of Insulators Using High-Frequency Eddy-Current Devices. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2015, 64, 2227 -2238.

AMA Style

Simone Gabler, Henning Heuer, Gert Heinrich. Measuring and Imaging Permittivity of Insulators Using High-Frequency Eddy-Current Devices. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2015; 64 (8):2227-2238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simone Gabler; Henning Heuer; Gert Heinrich. 2015. "Measuring and Imaging Permittivity of Insulators Using High-Frequency Eddy-Current Devices." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 64, no. 8: 2227-2238.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2015 in 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34
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Eddy current testing is well-established for non-destructive characterization of electrical conductive materials. The development of high-frequency eddy current technology (with frequency ranges up to 100 MHz) made it even possible to extend the classical fields of application towards less conductive materials like CFRP. Maxwell’s equations and recent research show that the use of high-frequency eddy current technology is also suitable for non-conductive materials. In that case the change of complex impedance of the probing coil contains information on sample permittivity. This paper shows that even a quantitative measurement of complex permittivity with high-frequency eddy current device technology is possible using an appropriate calibration. Measurement accuracy is comparable to commercial capacitive dielectric analyzers. If the sample material is electrically conductive, both, permittivity and conductivity influence the complex impedance measured with high-frequency eddy current devices. Depending on the measurement setup and the sheet resistance of the sample a parallel characterization of both parameters is possible on isotropic multi-layer materials. On CFRP the permittivity measurement is much more complex due to the capacitive effects between the carbon rovings. However, first results show that at least the local permittivity variations (like those caused by thermal damages) are detectable.

ACS Style

Simone Gäbler; Henning Heuer; Gert Heinrich; Richard Kupke. Quantitatively analyzing dielectrical properties of resins and mapping permittivity variations in CFRP with high-frequency eddy current device technology. 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34 2015, 1650, 336 -344.

AMA Style

Simone Gäbler, Henning Heuer, Gert Heinrich, Richard Kupke. Quantitatively analyzing dielectrical properties of resins and mapping permittivity variations in CFRP with high-frequency eddy current device technology. 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34. 2015; 1650 (1):336-344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simone Gäbler; Henning Heuer; Gert Heinrich; Richard Kupke. 2015. "Quantitatively analyzing dielectrical properties of resins and mapping permittivity variations in CFRP with high-frequency eddy current device technology." 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34 1650, no. 1: 336-344.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2015 in 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34
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Coatings based on wet particles containing pastes are currently used in many industries, such as automotive, aircraft and/or wind-power plants, to protect carbon-fiber reinforced plastic against damages caused by electrical effects, such as a lightning strike. In order to understand and control the percolation behavior during the drying, a non-contact Eddy Current based Impedance Spectroscopy can be used. This technique can be applied in the wet state of the coating and it works non-destructively. Percolation behaviors of the wet conductive coatings are strongly affected by the type of particles used as a filling and the thickness of the coating. Experimental results of Eddy Current measurements on wet conductive coatings based on different conductive particles and deposited with different thicknesses are discussed. Based on High-Frequency Eddy Current measurements, a prognosis of the coating parameters after final curing during the wet state becomes conceivable. This, for example, offers a wide opportunity for process control and repairs.

ACS Style

Iryna Patsora; Susanne Hillmann; Henning Heuer; Bryan C. Foos; Juan G. Calzada. High-frequency eddy current based impedance spectroscopy for characterization of the percolation process of wet conductive coatings. 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34 2015, 1650, 414 -423.

AMA Style

Iryna Patsora, Susanne Hillmann, Henning Heuer, Bryan C. Foos, Juan G. Calzada. High-frequency eddy current based impedance spectroscopy for characterization of the percolation process of wet conductive coatings. 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34. 2015; 1650 (1):414-423.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iryna Patsora; Susanne Hillmann; Henning Heuer; Bryan C. Foos; Juan G. Calzada. 2015. "High-frequency eddy current based impedance spectroscopy for characterization of the percolation process of wet conductive coatings." 41ST ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 34 1650, no. 1: 414-423.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2014 in IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
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This paper reports on the deposition and characterization of piezoelectric AlN and AlXSc1-XN layers. Characterization methods include XRD, SEM, active thermo probe, pulse echo, and piezometer measurements. A special focus is on the characterization of AlN regarding the mechanical stress in the films. The stress in the films changed between -2.2 GPa (compressive) and 0.2 GPa (tensile) and showed a significant dependence on film thickness. The cause of this behavior is presumed to be the different mean grain sizes at different film thicknesses, with bigger mean grain sizes at higher thicknesses. Other influences on film stress such as the sputter pressure or the pulse mode are presented. The deposition of gradient layers using those influences allowed the adjustment of film stress while retaining the piezoelectric properties.

ACS Style

Stephan Barth; Hagen Bartzsch; Daniel Gloess; Peter Frach; Thomas Herzog; Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. Sputter deposition of stress-controlled piezoelectric AlN and AlScN films for ultrasonic and energy harvesting applications. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 2014, 61, 1329 -1334.

AMA Style

Stephan Barth, Hagen Bartzsch, Daniel Gloess, Peter Frach, Thomas Herzog, Susan Walter, Henning Heuer. Sputter deposition of stress-controlled piezoelectric AlN and AlScN films for ultrasonic and energy harvesting applications. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. 2014; 61 (8):1329-1334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephan Barth; Hagen Bartzsch; Daniel Gloess; Peter Frach; Thomas Herzog; Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. 2014. "Sputter deposition of stress-controlled piezoelectric AlN and AlScN films for ultrasonic and energy harvesting applications." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 61, no. 8: 1329-1334.

Conference paper
Published: 01 May 2014 in 2014 IEEE 64th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)
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Defect solder joints on SMD packages can lead to the immediately fail of an electronic device or to instable operation. Apart from electrical conductive tests of the device, there is no appropriate non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method to test the functionality of such solder joints. The paper will present an alternative NDE method based on inductively excited thermography. QFP samples are prepared and test measurements are performed. Parameters like excitation frequencies and possible coil orientations are investigated. The measurements demonstrate that the presented method can be used to test the functionality of solderings. Application limits (e.g. required measurement time) are discussed. This new NDE method is capable of being used as an add-on in electronic manufacturing and failure analysis.

ACS Style

Johannes Böhm; Klaus-Juergen Wolter; Henning Heuer. Solder joint inspection with induction thermography. 2014 IEEE 64th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC) 2014, 1509 -1516.

AMA Style

Johannes Böhm, Klaus-Juergen Wolter, Henning Heuer. Solder joint inspection with induction thermography. 2014 IEEE 64th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). 2014; ():1509-1516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johannes Böhm; Klaus-Juergen Wolter; Henning Heuer. 2014. "Solder joint inspection with induction thermography." 2014 IEEE 64th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC) , no. : 1509-1516.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2014 in NDT & E International
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ACS Style

Dieter Joneit; Michael Nadler; Henning Heuer. Correction of eddy current measurements to obtain accordance with simulation results. NDT & E International 2014, 62, 167 -171.

AMA Style

Dieter Joneit, Michael Nadler, Henning Heuer. Correction of eddy current measurements to obtain accordance with simulation results. NDT & E International. 2014; 62 ():167-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dieter Joneit; Michael Nadler; Henning Heuer. 2014. "Correction of eddy current measurements to obtain accordance with simulation results." NDT & E International 62, no. : 167-171.

Conference paper
Published: 01 July 2013 in 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)
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This paper will report on the deposition and characterization of piezoelectric AlN and Al x Sc 1-x N layers. A special focus is on the characterization regarding the mechanical stress in the films. Potential applications of the films are in ultrasonic microscopy, energy harvesting and SAW/BAW filters. To demonstrate the potential in ultrasonic applications, the pulse echo method was used.

ACS Style

Stephan Barth; Hagen Bartzsch; Daniel Gloess; Peter Frach; Thomas Herzog; Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. Sputter deposition of stress controlled piezoelectric AlN and AlScN films for ultrasonic and energy harvesting applications. 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) 2013, 1351 -1353.

AMA Style

Stephan Barth, Hagen Bartzsch, Daniel Gloess, Peter Frach, Thomas Herzog, Susan Walter, Henning Heuer. Sputter deposition of stress controlled piezoelectric AlN and AlScN films for ultrasonic and energy harvesting applications. 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). 2013; ():1351-1353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephan Barth; Hagen Bartzsch; Daniel Gloess; Peter Frach; Thomas Herzog; Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. 2013. "Sputter deposition of stress controlled piezoelectric AlN and AlScN films for ultrasonic and energy harvesting applications." 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) , no. : 1351-1353.

Conference paper
Published: 17 May 2013 in Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS VI
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A 5 MHz, 16-element phased array concave ultrasonic probe for non-destructive testing has been designed, fabricated and tested. To improve the probes performance its curvature, as opposed to present solutions, was not obtained by adding a corresponding delay wedge, but rather by manufacturing the functional elements (i.e. active material, matching layer) with a curvature. The piezoelectric material used here was a 1-3 composite material made of PZT. The finished probe was tested on a steel half circle with the corresponding radius (100 mm) and on the Olympus PAUT test piece. Good results could be obtained. Three transverse holes with a diameter of 1 mm and a distance of 5 mm to one another could be detected and resolved.

ACS Style

Julia Fischer; Thomas Herzog; Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. Design and fabrication of a 5 MHz ultrasonic phased array probe with curved transducer. Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS VI 2013, 8763, 87632M .

AMA Style

Julia Fischer, Thomas Herzog, Susan Walter, Henning Heuer. Design and fabrication of a 5 MHz ultrasonic phased array probe with curved transducer. Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS VI. 2013; 8763 ():87632M.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julia Fischer; Thomas Herzog; Susan Walter; Henning Heuer. 2013. "Design and fabrication of a 5 MHz ultrasonic phased array probe with curved transducer." Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS VI 8763, no. : 87632M.

Conference paper
Published: 17 May 2013 in SPIE Microtechnologies
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The developed direct converting X-ray line detectors offer a number of advantages in comparison to other X-ray sensor concepts. Direct converting X-ray detectors are based on absorption of X-rays in semiconductor material, which leads to a generation of charge carriers. By applying high bias voltage charge carriers can be separated and with this the arising current pulse can be assessed by suitable readout integrated circuits (ICs) subsequently. The X-ray absorber itself is implemented as a diode based on GaAs to use it in the reverse direction. It exhibits low dark currents and can therefore be used at room temperatures. The GaAs absorber has a structured top electrode designed on variable bonding and high breakdown voltages. The implemented GaAs absorber exhibits a pixel size of 100 m while the readout IC features fast dead-time-free readout, energy discrimination by two individually adjustable thresholds with 20 bit deep counters and radiation-hard design on chip level. These properties guarantee the application as fast and thus sensitive line detector for imaging processes. Another advantage of the imaging line detector is the cascadability of several sensor modules with 1024 pixels each. This property ensures that the 102.4 mm long sensor modules can be concatenated virtually with arbitrary length gaplessly. The readout ICs hitting radiation dose can be further minimized by implementing constructive steps to ensure longer lifetime of the sensor module. Furthermore, first results using the introduced sensor module for solid state X-ray detection are discussed

ACS Style

T. Lohse; P P Kruger; Henning Heuer; Martin Oppermann; H. Torlee; Norbert Meyendorf. Counting x-ray line detector with monolithically integrated readout circuits. SPIE Microtechnologies 2013, 87632Q -87632Q-7.

AMA Style

T. Lohse, P P Kruger, Henning Heuer, Martin Oppermann, H. Torlee, Norbert Meyendorf. Counting x-ray line detector with monolithically integrated readout circuits. SPIE Microtechnologies. 2013; ():87632Q-87632Q-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Lohse; P P Kruger; Henning Heuer; Martin Oppermann; H. Torlee; Norbert Meyendorf. 2013. "Counting x-ray line detector with monolithically integrated readout circuits." SPIE Microtechnologies , no. : 87632Q-87632Q-7.