Nanoparticle development demonstrates use in various physicochemical, biological, and functional properties for biomedical applications, including anti-cancer applications. In the current study, a cancer therapeutic conjugate was produced consisting of tamoxifen (TAM) and resveratrol (RES) by layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles based on lipid-based drug delivery systems and liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) coated with multiple layers of positively charged chitosan and negatively charged hyaluronic acid for the evaluation of biocompatibility and therapeutic properties against cancer cells. Multiple techniques characterized the synthesis of TAM/RES–LbL-LCNPs, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray crystallography (XRD), Zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro cytotoxic effects of TAM/RES–LbL-LCNPs were investigated against human breast cancer cell line, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), and human triple-negative breast cancer cell line, Centre Antoine Lacassagne-51 (CAL-51), using various parameters. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay confirmed that the treatment of cells with TAM/RES–LbL-LCNPs caused a reduction in cell proliferation, and no such inhibition was observed with human normal liver cell line: American Type Culture Collection Cell Line-48 (WRL-68 [ATCC CL-48]). Fluorescent microscopy examined the ability of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to bind to TAM/RES–LbL-LCNPs along with their cellular uptake. Apoptosis determination was performed using hematoxylin–eosin and acridine orange–propidium iodide double staining. The expression of P53 and caspase-8 was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. An in vivo study determined the toxicity of TAM/RES–LbL-LCNPs in mice and assessed the functional marker changes in the liver and kidneys. No significant statistical differences were found for the tested indicators. TAM/RES–LbL-LCNP treatment showed no apparent damages or histopathological abnormalities in the heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney histological images. The current findings observed for the first time propose that TAM/RES–LbL-LCNPs provide a new and safer method to use phytochemicals in combinatorial therapy and provide a novel treatment approach against breast cancers.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have unique properties as antibacterial effects against locally isolated clinical Escherichia coli. In this study, the evaluated the antibacterial activity of AgNPs, which were synthesized by laser ablation, against locally isolated clinical Escherichia coli on nutrient agar media in vitro. Then assessed the toxicity of the bactericidal dose in albino rats in vivo with hematological, liver, and kidney functions as vital parameters. AgNPs were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL). AgNPs’ shape and nano size were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). UV peak absorption was observed at 434 nm, which produced an average particle diameter of 28.09 nm. The SEM and AFM topography images of the synthesized nanoparticles showed that they had a spherical shape. Also studied was the toxicity of the synthesized AgNPs in vivo. Four groups of albino rats were used. The liver and kidneys were found to be the main organs that accumulate AgNP. In this study, we examined the influence of intraperitoneally injected AgNPs on blood parameters (complete blood picture) and liver and kidney functions of albino rats. Blood ALP and serum test (GOT and GPT), serum urea and serum creatinine were analyzed at 15, 30, and 60 days after injection of 200 mg/kg of PLAL-synthesized AgNP. The results did not indicate statistically significant differences between the control and treatment groups in blood picture and enzyme levels tested that indicate proper liver function. Additionally, no differences in kidney functions were found during varying time intervals in the blood of rats. Thus, PLAL-synthesized AgNPs could inhibit Escherichia coli bacterial growth.

Resveratrol (RES) is a bioactive molecule with potent antioxidant properties, and it constitutes an essential component of herbal medicine. This study was designed to use a nano-syntheses approach to encapsulate RES in Poloxamer 407 nanoparticles. This type of nano-construction has been employed in a variety of biological applications, both in vitro and in vivo. The contribution of this nano-construct is to increase antioxidant activity over the pure RES was investigate. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays were utilized in vitro. RES-loaded poloxamer 407 showed concentration-dependent scavenging action in the range of 20-80 µg.ml-1, with a maximum activity of 80.1% at 80 µg.ml-1. Whereas pure RES had a decrement of 61.7%. While the activity of positive control (Vit. C) was 93.2%. The magnitude of blood hemolysis examination was 3.9% at 80 µg.ml-1. That may indicate RES-loaded poloxamer 407 provide significant red blood cell protection. The pure RES did not prevent the appearance of abnormal cells (echinocytes), and that was cured by RES-loaded poloxamer 407. Finally, the safety of RES-loaded poloxamer 407 was assessed in vivo. Male mice were invested to detect the functions of their liver and kidney. A histopathological study was included as well. The findings showed that RES-loaded poloxamer 407 might have superior characters as a drug delivery system, nutritional supplements, and may be used in pharmaceutical products.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a standard procedure for the detection of thyroid nodules malignancy, yet 10-25% of the sample diagnosed may go undetermined or suspicious. The utility of cancer stem cell markers (CSCM) as a differential diagnosis molecular marker in nodules of suspicious decision in FNAB was hypothesized. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and thyroid fibroadenoma (TFA) samples were selected to test the hypothesis. The samples employed in this study were from patients who had thyroid hyperplasia and a suspicious or undetermined diagnosis by FNAB. The patient underwent a successful thyroidectomy at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad between January 2015 and December 2017. All nodule samples underwent a systematic histopathological examination after resection. Tumors diagnosed as PTC and those diagnosed as fibroadenoma (TFA) were selected for this study. Collectively 39 PTC and 11 TFA nodules were included. Quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine levels of mRNA and proteins of CSCM ALDH1A1, CD44, ABCG2, and Oct3/4 in both types of tumors were used. This study revealed that the expression levels of CSCM were significantly increased in PTC tissues when compared to benign tissues and the positive correlation was found between the CSCM expression levels and tumor stage, size, and gender. In conclusion, for a more precise diagnosis, we suggest these markers be included in what is currently available to characterize malignancy from what is not in thyroid cancer, as well as for the staging process of PTC.

This study explores the use of Curecetin nanoparticles, synthesized and characterized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and measured using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with sizes ranging from 13.40 to 44.66 nm. We conducted in vivo experiments on laboratory animals, applying nanoparticle doses of 10 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg to 30 mm wounds. Skin wounds pose significant medical challenges due to potential complications like rupture and delayed healing. Results indicated that Curecetin nanoparticles significantly accelerated wound healing, with wound size reduction observed as early as the second day and substantial healing by the eighth day, suggesting the potential of nanoparticles in therapeutic applications for skin wounds. Highlights: Precise Characterization: Curecetin nanoparticles were precisely synthesized and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Rapid Healing: The study showed that Curecetin nanoparticles significantly accelerated wound healing in laboratory animals. Clinical Potential: Results indicate a promising future for nanoparticle applications in treating skin wounds clinically. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Curecetin, Wound Healing, Nanotechnology, Organism