Cellular interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate the properties of subsets of leukemic cells leading to the development of drug-resistant phenotypes. The intercellular transfer of proteins and organelles contributes to this process but the set of transferred proteins and their effects in the receiving cells remain unclear. This study aimed to detect the intercellular protein transfer from mouse bone marrow stromal cells (OP9 cell line) to human T-lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM cell line) using nanoLC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics in a 3D co-culture system. After 24 h of co-culture, 1513 and 67 proteins from human and mouse origin, respectively, were identified in CCRF-CEM cells. The presence of mouse proteins in the human cell line, detected by analyzing the differences in amino acid sequences of orthologous peptides, was interpreted as the result of intercellular transfer. The transferred proteins might have contributed to the observed resistance to vincristine, methotrexate, and hydrogen peroxide in the co-cultured leukemic cells. Our results suggest that shotgun proteomic analyses of co-cultured cells from different species could be a simple option to get a preliminary survey of the proteins exchanged among interacting cells.

The food and cosmetics industries are showing increasing scientific interest in plant-based bioactive compounds, positioning rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) as a high-value source of phytochemicals with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This review analyzes the principal methods used to extract rosemary bioactive metabolites, comparing conventional techniques with emerging approaches in terms of extraction efficiency, sustainability, and preservation of bioactive compounds. The discussion covers hydrodistillation, steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, as well as emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, pulsed electric field, enzyme-assisted extraction, and deep eutectic solvents. Particular attention is given to how extraction strategies influence the recovery and stability of major compounds, including carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, 1,8-cineole, and α-pinene, considering their different physicochemical properties. Overall, emerging technologies may improve extraction yield or reduce processing time under specific conditions; however, their environmental performance and ability to preserve compound stability depend on solvent selection, energy and water consumption, process configuration, and downstream requirements. These advances support the sustainable production of rosemary-derived ingredients with promising applications in functional foods and cosmetic formulations.

Conventional physical sunscreens are formulated with titanium oxide (TiO ₂ ), which reflects and scatters the UVA and UVB radiation, making them suitable for sensitive skin. However, its high refractive index can result in an undesirable white cast and potentially limit their cosmetic acceptability and effectiveness. Therefore, this study focuses on the formation of titanium oxide nanotubes (TNTs) as an alternative, since their nanoscale size minimizes light scattering and allows for a more transparent appearance when applied to the skin. TNTs were formed by anodic oxidation using an electrolyte based on ethylene glycol (EG), ammonium fluoride (NH ₄ F), and distilled water. Anodization was conducted at a constant voltage of 60 V for 1 h. TNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), which confirmed the presence of Ti ₂ O and an inner diameter of 53 ± 4 nm. Biocompatibility was assessed using 3D spheroid cultures of hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts, and results showed that TNTs at concentrations of 0.2 mg/mL and 0.02 mg/mL were non-cytotoxic. The 0.2 mg/mL concentration exhibited a superior photoprotective effect, maintaining approximately 75% cell viability under UVB radiation conditions. These findings highlight the potential of TNTs as transparent, biocompatible UV filters for next-generation sunscreens.