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For the evolution and development of artificial reefs to attain the expected results, hydrodynamics is emerging as a key factor that must be taken analyzed in detail. In particular, thanks to the hydrodynamics of a given coastal area, suitable water circulation and velocity in the reef's interior can increase the yield and the renewal of nutrients favourable for larval settlement, along with reducing the sedimentation. This document proposes a methodology for determining the geometry of an artificial reef group adapted to the specific characteristics of the selected zone of installation, the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (NW Spain), based on hydrodynamic criteria by defining the Artificial Reef Tool (ART). The starting point of the ART tool is the existing reef model or AR unit's design –a modular construction with productive and protective features. Then a high-resolution hydrodynamic circulation model (HCM) is developed allowing the high-resolution site-specific computation of the flow pattern in the selected area. Finally, the results obtained are used as input for a hydrodynamic model for food delivery prediction (HMFDP), allowing the estimation of the food supply to each module. The results obtained lead to the definition of the geometry of the reef group.
Luis Carral; María Isabel Lamas–Galdo; Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Andreina Vargas; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Iván López; Rodrigo Carballo. Configuration methodology for a green variety reef system (AR group) based on hydrodynamic criteria – Application to the Ría de Ares-Betanzos. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2021, 252, 107301 .
AMA StyleLuis Carral, María Isabel Lamas–Galdo, Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro, Andreina Vargas, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Iván López, Rodrigo Carballo. Configuration methodology for a green variety reef system (AR group) based on hydrodynamic criteria – Application to the Ría de Ares-Betanzos. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2021; 252 ():107301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; María Isabel Lamas–Galdo; Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Andreina Vargas; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Iván López; Rodrigo Carballo. 2021. "Configuration methodology for a green variety reef system (AR group) based on hydrodynamic criteria – Application to the Ría de Ares-Betanzos." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 252, no. : 107301.
The principle of sustainability should condition a project in which artificial reefs are being installed to protect biodiversity as well as enhance costal ecosystems. In particular, this principle should be taken into account in the logistical processes related to manufacture and transport. This study assesses the global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED) of developing a coastal ecosystem enhancement programme in the estuary region of Galicia, north-western Spain. The focus is on the processes involved in creating green artificial reefs (GARs): manufacture, transport and installation. The starting point is the supply chain for the green artificial reef (GAR) units; greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and energy needs for each phase are analysed. Various scenarios are considered to determine which options are indeed available when it comes to establishing the supply chain. Different types of energy supplies, different options for the location of production centres, as well as different means of transport were studied. Results reveal the critical phases for selecting how the GAR units must be produced, transported by road and sea and then installed in their permanent location.
Luis Carral; Juan Cartelle Barros; Humberto Carro Fidalgo; Carolina Camba Fabal; Alicia Munín Doce. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption of Coastal Ecosystem Enhancement Programme through Sustainable Artificial Reefs in Galicia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1909 .
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Juan Cartelle Barros, Humberto Carro Fidalgo, Carolina Camba Fabal, Alicia Munín Doce. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption of Coastal Ecosystem Enhancement Programme through Sustainable Artificial Reefs in Galicia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1909.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Juan Cartelle Barros; Humberto Carro Fidalgo; Carolina Camba Fabal; Alicia Munín Doce. 2021. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption of Coastal Ecosystem Enhancement Programme through Sustainable Artificial Reefs in Galicia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1909.
Piloting in the Panama Canal is exceptional as, due to its importance, the functions of the captains of vessels are taken over by pilots. Hence, prior to inauguration of the expanded canal, a limited number of pilots experienced on the existing canal were certified for the transit of Neopanamax vessels by means of planned and innovative individual learning. After this organisational training through operative training, with the implementation of the expanded canal in June 2016, the routine training started. Hence the learning curve in the performance of these manoeuvres will represent the growing skill acquired by both the pilots and the organisation. Given that the learning effect is measurable, this paper has the dual objective of determining two curve models: the organisation operative learning curve model and the routine learning curve model for pilots performing transit manoeuvres in the expanded Panama Canal waterways and the Cocolí and Agua Clara locks. Manoeuvre times in locks and transit in the whole of the canal were followed up continuously in the first 42 months of operation.
Luis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Adán Vega Sáenz; Johnny Bogle; Gabriel Alemán; Salvador Naya. Modelling operative and routine learning curves in manoeuvres in locks and in transit in the expanded Panama Canal. Journal of Navigation 2021, 74, 633 -655.
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra, Adán Vega Sáenz, Johnny Bogle, Gabriel Alemán, Salvador Naya. Modelling operative and routine learning curves in manoeuvres in locks and in transit in the expanded Panama Canal. Journal of Navigation. 2021; 74 (3):633-655.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Adán Vega Sáenz; Johnny Bogle; Gabriel Alemán; Salvador Naya. 2021. "Modelling operative and routine learning curves in manoeuvres in locks and in transit in the expanded Panama Canal." Journal of Navigation 74, no. 3: 633-655.
To exploit marine resources in a sustainable way, efficient management systems must be used such as green artificial reefs (GARs). These reefs are mostly made up of renewable and organic materials. When adopting the circular economy (CE) model, industrial processes must be reconsidered. By adapting how conventional artificial reefs (CARs) are engineered and produced to embrace the principles of the CE, certain materials can be used. Renewable resources are designed to be reintroduced into the biosphere without producing harmful organic residues or nutrients. Within a framework that covers economic, environmental and social considerations, this study offers four new proposals related to substituting the materials destined for the components in an artificial reef. For the first time, two different methodologies were applied to determine the best alternative in terms of its contribution to both sustainability and CE. From the results obtained, the best solutions are in line with substituting a certain amount of the cement and sand with mussel shells. The importance of the results lies in the fact that the canning industry in Galicia (northwest Spain) generates shell residues which promote grave environmental consequences.
Luis Carral; Carolina Camba Fabal; Mª Isabel Lamas Galdo; Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Juan José Cartelle Barros. Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8850 .
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Carolina Camba Fabal, Mª Isabel Lamas Galdo, Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro, Juan José Cartelle Barros. Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (23):8850.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Carolina Camba Fabal; Mª Isabel Lamas Galdo; Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Juan José Cartelle Barros. 2020. "Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8850.
The advantages of laminates in terms of the chemical properties and mechanical properties/weight relationship have motivated several applications of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites in naval constructions due to the reduction in structural weight. This weight advantage has motivated multiple investigations dedicated to dissimilar material joints. We present a methodology for the interlaminar stress calculations of a tubular hybrid joint between an FRP panel and a steel panel through tubular reinforcements. The proposed formulas allow the estimation of the shear and normal stresses on the adhesive, which are generated in the bonding angle of the tubular hybrid joint. The stresses generated at the adhesive bonding ends influence on the adherent’s adjacent layer. A failure criterion is shown to check the accomplishment of the resulting stresses in the adherent laminate. Finally, the proposed formulas are validated using the finite element method and compared with the obtained interlaminar stresses.
Franklin Dominguez; Luis Carral. The Hybrid Joints between an FRP Panel and a Steel Panel through Tubular Reinforcements: A Methodology for Interlaminar Stress Calculations. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleFranklin Dominguez, Luis Carral. The Hybrid Joints between an FRP Panel and a Steel Panel through Tubular Reinforcements: A Methodology for Interlaminar Stress Calculations. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranklin Dominguez; Luis Carral. 2020. "The Hybrid Joints between an FRP Panel and a Steel Panel through Tubular Reinforcements: A Methodology for Interlaminar Stress Calculations." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 1.
The complexity corresponding to the industrial projects and their management are concepts whose interest is increasing. The structural complexity derives directly from the main characteristics of complex systems, that is, many elements that interact, resulting in this structure of great importance in engineering projects. As well as in today’s world, the attempts of organisations to be competitive tend to increase differentiation (both horizontal and vertical) and interdependence. The final result will be to increase the complexity of the organisation. All this leads to the current interest to deepen the study of this concept. In this research, a review of the state of the art of the concept is made and a theoretical framework is constructed to establish and justify the dimensions of complexity in engineering, focussed on the naval-shipbuilding. After the discussion of an index of technological complexity adapted to the naval shipbuilding, starting from the integration of the knowledge derived from the development of the F-100 frigate program, a novel methodological process is presented to assess two key aspects in the complexity of these projects; organisational complexity and technological complexity. Finally, the case study of the frigates programmes developed by Navantia Shipyards for Spanish (F-100, F-105), Norwegian (F-310) and Australian (AWD) navies is presented and studied. From the fact those frigates are similar products developed between the 90s and the 2010s, the technological complexity could be assumed invariable and the increment of projects structural complexity is quantitatively studied through the analysis of organisational complexity by clustering techniques and complexity indicators of statistical network analysis. The frigates complexity evolution and its assignable causes are estimated and identified. This methodology is proposed to be applied to naval-shipbuilding projects.
Luis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Gregorio Iglesias; José R. San-Cristobal. Evaluation of the structural complexity of organisations and products in naval-shipbuilding projects. Ships and Offshore Structures 2020, 1 -16.
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra, Gregorio Iglesias, José R. San-Cristobal. Evaluation of the structural complexity of organisations and products in naval-shipbuilding projects. Ships and Offshore Structures. 2020; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Gregorio Iglesias; José R. San-Cristobal. 2020. "Evaluation of the structural complexity of organisations and products in naval-shipbuilding projects." Ships and Offshore Structures , no. : 1-16.
Franklin Dominguez; Luis Carral; Chimborazo 2912 Y Garcia Goyena Tecnavin S.A.. A REVIEW OF FORMULATIONS TO DESIGN AN ADHESIVE SINGLE-LAP JOINT FOR USE IN MARINE APPLICATIONS. Brodogradnja 2020, 71, 89 -119.
AMA StyleFranklin Dominguez, Luis Carral, Chimborazo 2912 Y Garcia Goyena Tecnavin S.A.. A REVIEW OF FORMULATIONS TO DESIGN AN ADHESIVE SINGLE-LAP JOINT FOR USE IN MARINE APPLICATIONS. Brodogradnja. 2020; 71 (3):89-119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranklin Dominguez; Luis Carral; Chimborazo 2912 Y Garcia Goyena Tecnavin S.A.. 2020. "A REVIEW OF FORMULATIONS TO DESIGN AN ADHESIVE SINGLE-LAP JOINT FOR USE IN MARINE APPLICATIONS." Brodogradnja 71, no. 3: 89-119.
The goal of this work is to carry out an economic analysis of a novel floating offshore wind structure, of which the main material is concrete: the SATH® platform. It takes a step forward in floating marine wind energy research, in which traditional platforms are mainly composed of steel. The technique to calculate the costs of the platform and the economic parameters to decide if the farm is economically feasible are explained in the paper. This case study analyzes a possible farm of 500 MW located in Portugal and several scenarios considering different electric tariffs and capital costs (Scenario 1: electric tariff of 50 €/MWh and 6% of capital cost; Scenario 2: electric tariff of 50 €/MWh and 8% of capital cost; Scenario 3: electric tariff of 150 €/MWh and 6% of capital cost; Scenario 4: electric tariff of 150 €/MWh and 8% of capital cost). Results show the economic feasibility of a farm with the characteristics of Scenarios 3 and 4. This work is significant in order to provide a new approach to analyzing traditional floating offshore wind structures, which can represent a path towards the future of floating offshore renewable energy technologies.
Eugenio Baita-Saavedra; David Cordal-Iglesias; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Àlex Morató; Isabel Lamas-Galdo; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral; Laura Castro-Santos. An Economic Analysis of An Innovative Floating Offshore Wind Platform Built with Concrete: The SATH® Platform. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3678 .
AMA StyleEugenio Baita-Saavedra, David Cordal-Iglesias, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Àlex Morató, Isabel Lamas-Galdo, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Luis Carral, Laura Castro-Santos. An Economic Analysis of An Innovative Floating Offshore Wind Platform Built with Concrete: The SATH® Platform. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):3678.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEugenio Baita-Saavedra; David Cordal-Iglesias; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Àlex Morató; Isabel Lamas-Galdo; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral; Laura Castro-Santos. 2020. "An Economic Analysis of An Innovative Floating Offshore Wind Platform Built with Concrete: The SATH® Platform." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 3678.
In the shipbuilding industry, the application of fiberglass composite laminate panels has increased in the decades. In the preliminary design stage, it is convenient to use simplified formulas to estimate the first natural frequency of a stiffened panel that can be compared with the recommended ones by the Germanischer Lloyd’s [3]. In this work, it is proposed a formula to performed this estimation considering panel features, aspect ratio and the number of stiffeners. The behavior of fiberglass stiffened panels was studied through Finite Element Analysis method considering 684 models where principal dimensions, aspect ratios, thicknesses, and stiffeners were combined. Based on these numerical results, a posynomial formula has been derived that allows estimating the natural frequencies of fiberglass stiffened panels. As a result of this investigation, a set of coefficients are proposed, which are only applicable within a range of aspect ratios. Some examples with different aspect ratios and dimensional variations of the panels and stiffeners are included to validate the proposed formula. The estimation error is in average 5% when compared to LR recommendation, that is considered acceptable in the preliminary design stage.
Franklin J. Domínguez Ruiz; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Fiberglass Stiffened Panels: Estimation of Natural Vibration Frequency. Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) 2020, 308 -320.
AMA StyleFranklin J. Domínguez Ruiz, Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Fiberglass Stiffened Panels: Estimation of Natural Vibration Frequency. Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL). 2020; ():308-320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranklin J. Domínguez Ruiz; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. 2020. "Fiberglass Stiffened Panels: Estimation of Natural Vibration Frequency." Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) , no. : 308-320.
Many seas in the world are productive but limited to a few pelagic species, highly influenced by environmental conditions. This dependency makes necessary to develop solutions in order to promote wealth and biodiversity in productive regions. One of the recommended solutions to enrich the seas is the implantation of artificial reefs. These reefs mimic the environment and do not alter the preexistent equilibrium. Current studies about artificial reefs have focused on experimental observations. An alternative to these experimental analyses is CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The main advantage of numerical simulations is that these provide much more information at a lower cost and less time. In this regard, this paper presents a numerical simulation of an artificial reef in order to analyze the most relevant hydrodynamic characteristics.
Maria Isabel Lamas Galdo; Patrick Roger Townsend Valencia; Maria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro; Laura Castro Santos; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Numerical Model to Analyze an Artificial Reef. Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) 2020, 357 -364.
AMA StyleMaria Isabel Lamas Galdo, Patrick Roger Townsend Valencia, Maria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro, Laura Castro Santos, Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Numerical Model to Analyze an Artificial Reef. Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL). 2020; ():357-364.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Isabel Lamas Galdo; Patrick Roger Townsend Valencia; Maria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro; Laura Castro Santos; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. 2020. "Numerical Model to Analyze an Artificial Reef." Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) , no. : 357-364.
The pilotage in the Panama Canal (PC) is unique due to the importance it acquires; in fact, the pilot relieves the captain in his/her duties during the transit. This exceptional nature has meant that prior to the commissioning of the expanded canal; a small group of experienced pilots of the existing Canal was enabled for the transit of Neopanamax ships through a planned and innovative learning. Once the Canal is extended in service, routine learning begins, so that the learning curve in performing these maneuvers represents the growing skill acquired by the pilots and the organization. The learning effect is quantifiable. Indeed, the aim of this work is to study and model the pilot learning curve corresponding to the maneuvers of the total time in transit through the Canal, including the navigation routes and locks of Cocolí and Agua Clara. Exploratory analysis, control charts and multivariate linear models have been applied in order to identify and model learning patterns. The application of these techniques has been demonstrated that there is actually a learning effect of linear nature on PC transits.
Luis Manuel Carral Couce; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Aladar Rodríguez-Díaz; Salvador Naya. Modeling of the Learning Curve Corresponding to the Transit Through the New Expanded Panama Canal. Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) 2020, 124 -133.
AMA StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra, Aladar Rodríguez-Díaz, Salvador Naya. Modeling of the Learning Curve Corresponding to the Transit Through the New Expanded Panama Canal. Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL). 2020; ():124-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Aladar Rodríguez-Díaz; Salvador Naya. 2020. "Modeling of the Learning Curve Corresponding to the Transit Through the New Expanded Panama Canal." Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) , no. : 124-133.
The Galician estuaries (rías) do not manage to increase the fishing yield, in spite of the fact that they are ecosystems of great biological production. Therefore, one of the measures to be taken is the implantation of artificial reefs (AR). They attract fish from neighboring areas and/or increase the area colonized by epifaunal species. An important task is to plan the layout of the different modules that will make up a reef to obtain the greatest biological and economic profitability. Therefore, it is necessary to predict equilibrium states between benthic and nektonic communities in different geographical areas. In the present work, a possible general pattern of colonization of an artificial reef is established, during the first five years of its development in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos. It is based on the official statistics of artisanal fishing, of commercial species of the benthic, demersal and pelagic communities unloaded in the fish markets of the area under study.
Maria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; José Ángel Fraguela-Formoso; Laura Castro Santos; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Application of a General Pattern of Colonization of a “Verde-PROARR”-Artificial Reef in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (Spain). Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) 2020, 365 -372.
AMA StyleMaria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro, Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal, José Ángel Fraguela-Formoso, Laura Castro Santos, Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Application of a General Pattern of Colonization of a “Verde-PROARR”-Artificial Reef in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (Spain). Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL). 2020; ():365-372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; José Ángel Fraguela-Formoso; Laura Castro Santos; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. 2020. "Application of a General Pattern of Colonization of a “Verde-PROARR”-Artificial Reef in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (Spain)." Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) , no. : 365-372.
Luis Carral; Carlos Fernández-Garrido; Adan Vega; Rodolfo Sabonge. Importance of the Panama canal in the reduction of CO2 emissions from maritime transport. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2019, 14, 819 -832.
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Carlos Fernández-Garrido, Adan Vega, Rodolfo Sabonge. Importance of the Panama canal in the reduction of CO2 emissions from maritime transport. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2019; 14 (11):819-832.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Carlos Fernández-Garrido; Adan Vega; Rodolfo Sabonge. 2019. "Importance of the Panama canal in the reduction of CO2 emissions from maritime transport." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 14, no. 11: 819-832.
The Galician coast, and particularly its estuaries are ecosystems with a large biological production which require protection against the strong human pressure they suffer. Sustainability in fishing, shell fishing and recreational activities makes it advisable to develop measures such as the implementation of green artificial reefs (AR), which promote wealth and biodiversity in areas that stand out due to their productive capacity. This document proposes a database management system (DBMS) to determine the position of the AR groups, based on geographic information systems (GIS) combined with high resolution numerical modelling and the development of computational algorithms. This system will be capable of analysing a large amount of spatial information regarding socio-economic and environmental factors that affect their installation. The methodology considered in the DBMS takes into account production factors and economic factors related to construction and maintenance. This combination allows for the identification of the best locations for the functional development of the AR group with low implementation costs. The DBMS is applied to the Ria of Ares-Betanzos leading to the definition of the most suitable places for installing AR groups in this area.
Luis Carral; Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Maria Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Andreina Vargas; Néstor Arean; Rodrigo. Carballo. Methodology for positioning a group of green artificial reef based on a database management system, applied in the estuary of Ares-Betanzos (Nw Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 233, 1047 -1060.
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Carlos Alvarez-Feal, Maria Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro, Andreina Vargas, Néstor Arean, Rodrigo. Carballo. Methodology for positioning a group of green artificial reef based on a database management system, applied in the estuary of Ares-Betanzos (Nw Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 233 ():1047-1060.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Maria Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Andreina Vargas; Néstor Arean; Rodrigo. Carballo. 2019. "Methodology for positioning a group of green artificial reef based on a database management system, applied in the estuary of Ares-Betanzos (Nw Iberian Peninsula)." Journal of Cleaner Production 233, no. : 1047-1060.
In response to an increased reliance on bigger, Neopanamax-sized vessels for shipping, the Panama Canal has been expanded. Whilst the way that vessels transit the newly expanded canal has stayed the same, maneuvering operations have changed. As a result, transit times have been affected. In accordance with the size and cargo of vessels, canal navigation rules restrict how access channels (Culebra Cut, Gatún Lake, and seaways) and new locks (Cocolí and Agua Clara) are used. Larger sized, Neopanamax vessels will benefit most from the expanded canal. Since the canal opened on 26 June 2016, data on transit times have been gathered. With these data, a thorough statistical analysis should be carried out. The most influential variables on overall time in transit (TET), such as pilot skill and Culebra Cut or Gatun Lake transit times, are identified. Formulae based on multivariate linear regression can be extracted that will make it possible to establish a conductive methodology for estimating the transit time of a Neopanamax vessel. Taking into account the results of the statistical analysis, a proposal is included for improving Neopanamax traffic management, with views to reduce the TET, from a transit policy point of view. This is the first work in scientific literature that analyzes in detail, from qualitative and statistical approaches, the total time in transit through the set of navigable routes and locks that compose the new expanded Panama Canal.
Luis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Salvador Naya; Rodolfo Sabonge. Modeling and forecasting of Neopanamax vessel transit time for traffic management in the Panama Canal. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 2019, 25, 379 -396.
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra, José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Salvador Naya, Rodolfo Sabonge. Modeling and forecasting of Neopanamax vessel transit time for traffic management in the Panama Canal. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. 2019; 25 (2):379-396.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Salvador Naya; Rodolfo Sabonge. 2019. "Modeling and forecasting of Neopanamax vessel transit time for traffic management in the Panama Canal." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 25, no. 2: 379-396.
José R. San Cristóbal; Emma Diaz; Luis Carral; José A. Fraguela; Gregorio Iglesias. Complexity and Project Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Research. Complexity 2019, 2019, 1 -2.
AMA StyleJosé R. San Cristóbal, Emma Diaz, Luis Carral, José A. Fraguela, Gregorio Iglesias. Complexity and Project Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Research. Complexity. 2019; 2019 ():1-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé R. San Cristóbal; Emma Diaz; Luis Carral; José A. Fraguela; Gregorio Iglesias. 2019. "Complexity and Project Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Research." Complexity 2019, no. : 1-2.
This paper uses a method to analyze the economic influence of the size of floating offshore wind farms. The economic aspects analyzed, LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Energy) and costs, depend on the number of floating offshore wind turbines, which establishes the effect of the size of the farm. This influence has been carried out for a map in a specific location. Regarding the case study, 18 alternatives have been considered taking into account the total power of the farm and the types of floating platforms. These aspects have been studied for the location of Galicia (Spain). Results indicate how LCOE and costs vary when the size of the floating offshore wind farm is increased for the studied kinds of offshore structures. Results are useful for planning an offshore wind farm in deep waters in future investments.
Laura Castro-Santos; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral. Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4484 .
AMA StyleLaura Castro-Santos, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Luis Carral. Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4484.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Castro-Santos; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral. 2018. "Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4484.
The appearance of new gas extraction technologies has led to surplus production in the United States (Gulf of Mexico). At the same time, energy consumption in Asia has increased significantly and Japan has introduced important changes to its post-Fukushima energy policies. Taken together, these factors have resulted in an imbalance in production and consumption between the Atlantic and Pacific Maritime Areas. Over the same period of time, the Panama Canal expansion opened, permitting transit by liquefied natural gas vessels for the first time. These developments are reflected in the current order book for liquefied natural gas carriers, which is composed entirely of ships in the new Neopanamax category. The canal transit fees and new propulsion systems for these ships—dual fuel diesel electric and electronically controlled gas injection—significantly impact the price of cargo at the destination. This study conducts a sensitivity analysis of the variables for transportation costs in order to determine the expanded Canal’s competitive position. In addition, the study uses a Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the most representative values for total cost based on factors such as the type of propulsion and fuel as well as the distance traveled. The analysis clearly demonstrates the competitiveness of exporting liquefied natural gas via the Panama Canal from terminals in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean to consumers in Asia, as well as the competitiveness of the canal itself versus alternative routes. With respect to propulsion systems, the study demonstrates the greater competitive advantage of electronically controlled gas injection propulsion.
Luis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Diego Crespo-Pereira; Marina Fernández-Campoamor; Rodolfo Sabonge. Competitive position of the expanded Panama Canal in the shipment of liquefied natural gas. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 2018, 233, 1154 -1176.
AMA StyleLuis Carral, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra, Diego Crespo-Pereira, Marina Fernández-Campoamor, Rodolfo Sabonge. Competitive position of the expanded Panama Canal in the shipment of liquefied natural gas. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. 2018; 233 (4):1154-1176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra; Diego Crespo-Pereira; Marina Fernández-Campoamor; Rodolfo Sabonge. 2018. "Competitive position of the expanded Panama Canal in the shipment of liquefied natural gas." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 4: 1154-1176.
As projects have become more and more complex, there has been an increasing concern about the concept of project complexity. An understanding of project complexity and how it might be managed is of significant importance for project managers because of the differences associated with decision-making and goal attainment that are related to complexity. Complexity influences project planning and control; it can hinder the clear identification of goals and objectives, it can affect the selection of an appropriate project organization form, or it can even affect project outcomes. Identifying the different concepts associated to project complexity, its main factors and characteristics, the different types of project complexity, and the main project complexity models, can be of great support in assisting the global project management community. In this paper, we give a general overview of how complexity has been investigated by the project management community and propose several ideas to address this topic in the future.
José R. San Cristóbal; Luis Carral; Emma Diaz; José A. Fraguela; Gregorio Iglesias. Complexity and Project Management: A General Overview. Complexity 2018, 2018, 1 -10.
AMA StyleJosé R. San Cristóbal, Luis Carral, Emma Diaz, José A. Fraguela, Gregorio Iglesias. Complexity and Project Management: A General Overview. Complexity. 2018; 2018 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé R. San Cristóbal; Luis Carral; Emma Diaz; José A. Fraguela; Gregorio Iglesias. 2018. "Complexity and Project Management: A General Overview." Complexity 2018, no. : 1-10.
Yachting uses the boat, in navigation and anchored, to develop different leisure activities. In this use the vessel remains static a great deal of the time of its total use, which constitutes a notable difference with respect to merchant activity. Maintaining the safe condition of the vessel at anchorage is not easy for the crew due to multiple factors: navigation with reduced crews and/or lack of crew professionalism/experience, tiredness after long navigation, ignorance of the area, or simply lack of attention during this time. These circumstances can be increased when the crew decide to anchor to rest or spend the night and the meteorological conditions vary without adapting the anchorage of the boat to this new situation. The objective of the work is the description of the results of the EAS project in which a system for the automatization and supervision of the anchorage maneuver has been developed. The system is designed to assist the crew in the anchorage by means of partial automation of the maneuver. During the stay at the anchorage area, the system passes to a situation of permanent surveillance that allows the detection of dangerous situations of dragging the anchor, alerting the crew, and recommending an action.
Luis Manuel Carral Couce; Javier Tarrío Saavedra; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Laura Castro Santos; Juan Carlos Carral Couce. Expert System for the Execution and Supervision of the Anchorage Maneuver. Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL 2018, 115 -128.
AMA StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce, Javier Tarrío Saavedra, Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal, Laura Castro Santos, Juan Carlos Carral Couce. Expert System for the Execution and Supervision of the Anchorage Maneuver. Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL. 2018; ():115-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce; Javier Tarrío Saavedra; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Laura Castro Santos; Juan Carlos Carral Couce. 2018. "Expert System for the Execution and Supervision of the Anchorage Maneuver." Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL , no. : 115-128.