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For the evolution and development of artificial reefs to attain the expected results, hydrodynamics is emerging as a key factor that must be taken analyzed in detail. In particular, thanks to the hydrodynamics of a given coastal area, suitable water circulation and velocity in the reef's interior can increase the yield and the renewal of nutrients favourable for larval settlement, along with reducing the sedimentation. This document proposes a methodology for determining the geometry of an artificial reef group adapted to the specific characteristics of the selected zone of installation, the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (NW Spain), based on hydrodynamic criteria by defining the Artificial Reef Tool (ART). The starting point of the ART tool is the existing reef model or AR unit's design –a modular construction with productive and protective features. Then a high-resolution hydrodynamic circulation model (HCM) is developed allowing the high-resolution site-specific computation of the flow pattern in the selected area. Finally, the results obtained are used as input for a hydrodynamic model for food delivery prediction (HMFDP), allowing the estimation of the food supply to each module. The results obtained lead to the definition of the geometry of the reef group.
Luis Carral; María Isabel Lamas–Galdo; Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Andreina Vargas; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Iván López; Rodrigo Carballo. Configuration methodology for a green variety reef system (AR group) based on hydrodynamic criteria – Application to the Ría de Ares-Betanzos. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2021, 252, 107301 .
AMA StyleLuis Carral, María Isabel Lamas–Galdo, Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro, Andreina Vargas, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Iván López, Rodrigo Carballo. Configuration methodology for a green variety reef system (AR group) based on hydrodynamic criteria – Application to the Ría de Ares-Betanzos. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2021; 252 ():107301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; María Isabel Lamas–Galdo; Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro; Andreina Vargas; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Iván López; Rodrigo Carballo. 2021. "Configuration methodology for a green variety reef system (AR group) based on hydrodynamic criteria – Application to the Ría de Ares-Betanzos." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 252, no. : 107301.
The goal of this work is to carry out an economic analysis of a novel floating offshore wind structure, of which the main material is concrete: the SATH® platform. It takes a step forward in floating marine wind energy research, in which traditional platforms are mainly composed of steel. The technique to calculate the costs of the platform and the economic parameters to decide if the farm is economically feasible are explained in the paper. This case study analyzes a possible farm of 500 MW located in Portugal and several scenarios considering different electric tariffs and capital costs (Scenario 1: electric tariff of 50 €/MWh and 6% of capital cost; Scenario 2: electric tariff of 50 €/MWh and 8% of capital cost; Scenario 3: electric tariff of 150 €/MWh and 6% of capital cost; Scenario 4: electric tariff of 150 €/MWh and 8% of capital cost). Results show the economic feasibility of a farm with the characteristics of Scenarios 3 and 4. This work is significant in order to provide a new approach to analyzing traditional floating offshore wind structures, which can represent a path towards the future of floating offshore renewable energy technologies.
Eugenio Baita-Saavedra; David Cordal-Iglesias; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Àlex Morató; Isabel Lamas-Galdo; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral; Laura Castro-Santos. An Economic Analysis of An Innovative Floating Offshore Wind Platform Built with Concrete: The SATH® Platform. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3678 .
AMA StyleEugenio Baita-Saavedra, David Cordal-Iglesias, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Àlex Morató, Isabel Lamas-Galdo, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Luis Carral, Laura Castro-Santos. An Economic Analysis of An Innovative Floating Offshore Wind Platform Built with Concrete: The SATH® Platform. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):3678.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEugenio Baita-Saavedra; David Cordal-Iglesias; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Àlex Morató; Isabel Lamas-Galdo; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral; Laura Castro-Santos. 2020. "An Economic Analysis of An Innovative Floating Offshore Wind Platform Built with Concrete: The SATH® Platform." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 3678.
The Galician estuaries (rías) do not manage to increase the fishing yield, in spite of the fact that they are ecosystems of great biological production. Therefore, one of the measures to be taken is the implantation of artificial reefs (AR). They attract fish from neighboring areas and/or increase the area colonized by epifaunal species. An important task is to plan the layout of the different modules that will make up a reef to obtain the greatest biological and economic profitability. Therefore, it is necessary to predict equilibrium states between benthic and nektonic communities in different geographical areas. In the present work, a possible general pattern of colonization of an artificial reef is established, during the first five years of its development in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos. It is based on the official statistics of artisanal fishing, of commercial species of the benthic, demersal and pelagic communities unloaded in the fish markets of the area under study.
Maria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; José Ángel Fraguela-Formoso; Laura Castro Santos; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Application of a General Pattern of Colonization of a “Verde-PROARR”-Artificial Reef in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (Spain). Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) 2020, 365 -372.
AMA StyleMaria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro, Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal, José Ángel Fraguela-Formoso, Laura Castro Santos, Luis Manuel Carral Couce. Application of a General Pattern of Colonization of a “Verde-PROARR”-Artificial Reef in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (Spain). Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL). 2020; ():365-372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Jesus Rodriguez Guerreiro; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; José Ángel Fraguela-Formoso; Laura Castro Santos; Luis Manuel Carral Couce. 2020. "Application of a General Pattern of Colonization of a “Verde-PROARR”-Artificial Reef in the Ría de Ares-Betanzos (Spain)." Proceeding of the VI International Ship Design & Naval Engineering Congress (CIDIN) and XXVI Pan-American Congress of Naval Engineering, Maritime Transportation and Port Engineering (COPINAVAL) , no. : 365-372.
This paper uses a method to analyze the economic influence of the size of floating offshore wind farms. The economic aspects analyzed, LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Energy) and costs, depend on the number of floating offshore wind turbines, which establishes the effect of the size of the farm. This influence has been carried out for a map in a specific location. Regarding the case study, 18 alternatives have been considered taking into account the total power of the farm and the types of floating platforms. These aspects have been studied for the location of Galicia (Spain). Results indicate how LCOE and costs vary when the size of the floating offshore wind farm is increased for the studied kinds of offshore structures. Results are useful for planning an offshore wind farm in deep waters in future investments.
Laura Castro-Santos; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral. Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4484 .
AMA StyleLaura Castro-Santos, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Luis Carral. Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4484.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Castro-Santos; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral. 2018. "Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4484.
Yachting uses the boat, in navigation and anchored, to develop different leisure activities. In this use the vessel remains static a great deal of the time of its total use, which constitutes a notable difference with respect to merchant activity. Maintaining the safe condition of the vessel at anchorage is not easy for the crew due to multiple factors: navigation with reduced crews and/or lack of crew professionalism/experience, tiredness after long navigation, ignorance of the area, or simply lack of attention during this time. These circumstances can be increased when the crew decide to anchor to rest or spend the night and the meteorological conditions vary without adapting the anchorage of the boat to this new situation. The objective of the work is the description of the results of the EAS project in which a system for the automatization and supervision of the anchorage maneuver has been developed. The system is designed to assist the crew in the anchorage by means of partial automation of the maneuver. During the stay at the anchorage area, the system passes to a situation of permanent surveillance that allows the detection of dangerous situations of dragging the anchor, alerting the crew, and recommending an action.
Luis Manuel Carral Couce; Javier Tarrío Saavedra; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Laura Castro Santos; Juan Carlos Carral Couce. Expert System for the Execution and Supervision of the Anchorage Maneuver. Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL 2018, 115 -128.
AMA StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce, Javier Tarrío Saavedra, Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal, Laura Castro Santos, Juan Carlos Carral Couce. Expert System for the Execution and Supervision of the Anchorage Maneuver. Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL. 2018; ():115-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce; Javier Tarrío Saavedra; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Laura Castro Santos; Juan Carlos Carral Couce. 2018. "Expert System for the Execution and Supervision of the Anchorage Maneuver." Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL , no. : 115-128.
The extractive work of shellfish harvesting and fishing in the autonomous community of Galicia is a strategic economic activity. In this sense, the action of artificial reefs is of great interest as they act as instruments of arrangement and protection of the marine resources and ecosystems. The PROARR research project has led to the design of independent modules of production and protection reefs, aimed at the construction of polygons of artificial reefs. One of the aims of the research work has looked for the reutilization of inert waste materials from industrial processes linked to the maritime area: naval construction, fishing, and shellfish harvesting, incorporating them into the production process of the reef. In this way, existence of dumps is reduced and the value chain of those processes is increased. The actual sustainability within the activity of maritime industries must promote the absorption of this inert waste by the sea, thus closing the activity cycle. In the case of the utilization of shells in the manufacture of artificial reefs (as an additive to the mortar used in its construction) it represents the double advantage of the elimination of a residue, with the subsequent increase in the value chain of these aquaculture processes and, on the other hand, returning to its origin a product which is part of a structure that can achieve the development of resources and favour the conservation of the ecosystems.
Luis Manuel Carral Couce; María Jesús Rodríguez Guerreiro; José Angel Fraguela Formoso; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Almudena Filgueira Vizoso. Green Artificial Reef PROARR: Repopulation of Coastal Ecosystems and Waste Recycler of the Maritime Industries. Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL 2018, 363 -373.
AMA StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce, María Jesús Rodríguez Guerreiro, José Angel Fraguela Formoso, Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal, Almudena Filgueira Vizoso. Green Artificial Reef PROARR: Repopulation of Coastal Ecosystems and Waste Recycler of the Maritime Industries. Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL. 2018; ():363-373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Manuel Carral Couce; María Jesús Rodríguez Guerreiro; José Angel Fraguela Formoso; Jose Carlos Alvarez-Feal; Almudena Filgueira Vizoso. 2018. "Green Artificial Reef PROARR: Repopulation of Coastal Ecosystems and Waste Recycler of the Maritime Industries." Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL , no. : 363-373.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the discount rate in some economic parameters which are relevant to study a floating offshore wind farm: the Net Present Value (NPV), the Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) and the Discounted PayBack Period (DPBP). For this purpose, several maps have been created considering a particular location of the Atlantic Area: the Galician coast (North-West of Spain); and four alternatives, depending on the type of electric tariff or the type of discount rate. Results indicate the importance that the discount rate has in the economic feasibility of a floating offshore wind farm. In this context, the NPV is reduced when the discount rate is increased, the LCOE is reduced when the discount rate is increased, the IRR does not vary depending on the discount rate and the DPBP is increased with the discount rate. The discount rate can vary depending on the sector, the investor or the country where the floating offshore wind farm is installed. The motivation of this paper is to analyze the influence of one of the most important economic parameters in a floating offshore wind farm: the discount rate. Therefore, this type of analysis is very interesting in order to study its influence on the economic results, which are very important to take decisions for investors of the offshore renewable energy industry.
Laura Castro-Santos; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Isabel Lamas-Galdo; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral-Couce. Influence of the Discount Rate in the Economic Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Farm in the Galician Region of the European Atlantic Area. Volume 10: Ocean Renewable Energy 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleLaura Castro-Santos, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Isabel Lamas-Galdo, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Luis Carral-Couce. Influence of the Discount Rate in the Economic Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Farm in the Galician Region of the European Atlantic Area. Volume 10: Ocean Renewable Energy. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Castro-Santos; Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso; Isabel Lamas-Galdo; Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Luis Carral-Couce. 2018. "Influence of the Discount Rate in the Economic Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Farm in the Galician Region of the European Atlantic Area." Volume 10: Ocean Renewable Energy , no. : 1.
L. Carral; J. De Lara Rey; J.C. Alvarez-Feal; J. Carral Couce. Winch control gear for CTD sampling with a system to compensate vertical motion heave when manoeuvring in rough seas. Ocean Engineering 2017, 135, 246 -257.
AMA StyleL. Carral, J. De Lara Rey, J.C. Alvarez-Feal, J. Carral Couce. Winch control gear for CTD sampling with a system to compensate vertical motion heave when manoeuvring in rough seas. Ocean Engineering. 2017; 135 ():246-257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Carral; J. De Lara Rey; J.C. Alvarez-Feal; J. Carral Couce. 2017. "Winch control gear for CTD sampling with a system to compensate vertical motion heave when manoeuvring in rough seas." Ocean Engineering 135, no. : 246-257.
In offshore activities, it is necessary for the floating equipment extracting raw materials to reach and maintain a static position along the seabed. Increasingly crucial in these operations is a new type of auxiliary vessel: the anchor handling and supply. While this work is being carried out, the deck gear related to towing and anchor handling – secondary and tugger winches, as well as capstans – play a key role on the anchor handling and supply. To estimate the vessels capacity for taking part in towing and anchor handling tasks, one can turn to the concept of the pull number as the sum total of the traction for this equipment. Linear regression, non-linear and semi-parametric generalised and additive models are adjusted around a broad data base about state-of-the-art vessels. This makes it possible to estimate their value, using as a starting point the vessels main dimensions and power. From this estimate, the traction values for the main and anchor handling winches can be determined. The next step is to propose a way of calculating the traction needed by the secondary, capstan and towing winches assisting the manoeuvre. This study provides procedures and statistical models that can help determine the traction of the towing and anchor handling winches for the anchor handling and supply. These depend on the traction obtained in Bollard Pull testing. The analysis proposed here involves dimensioning the key equipment used on these kinds of vessels so that valuable design information is obtained.
Luis Carral Couce; Salvador Naya; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Miguel Lamas Pardo; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra. Estimating the traction factor and designing the deck gear for the anchor handling tug. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 2016, 231, 600 -615.
AMA StyleLuis Carral Couce, Salvador Naya, José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Miguel Lamas Pardo, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra. Estimating the traction factor and designing the deck gear for the anchor handling tug. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. 2016; 231 (2):600-615.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral Couce; Salvador Naya; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Miguel Lamas Pardo; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra. 2016. "Estimating the traction factor and designing the deck gear for the anchor handling tug." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 231, no. 2: 600-615.
As the oil shortage continues and the environmental regulation of emissions grows more restrictive, hydrogen becomes an attractive energetic vector. There are various possible applications for both merchant vessels and warships. Standard distributed electricity or emergency electrical requirements can be generated by fuel cells systems. Moreover, low propulsion power requirements or the total demand for electricity can also be supplied on ships equipped with electric propulsion by means of fuel cells.
José J. De-Troya; Carlos Álvarez; Carlos Fernández-Garrido; Luis Carral. Analysing the possibilities of using fuel cells in ships. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 2853 -2866.
AMA StyleJosé J. De-Troya, Carlos Álvarez, Carlos Fernández-Garrido, Luis Carral. Analysing the possibilities of using fuel cells in ships. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016; 41 (4):2853-2866.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé J. De-Troya; Carlos Álvarez; Carlos Fernández-Garrido; Luis Carral. 2016. "Analysing the possibilities of using fuel cells in ships." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 4: 2853-2866.
The traction force or bollard pull and specific function of a tugboat determine the size of its towing gear and deck fittings. These dimensions must enable the tug to carry out a manoeuvre safely. This article considers proposals made in the implementing regulations for calculating the length and diameter of the towline. It analyses the possibility of using high-modulus polyethylene fibre and the way it would affect the design of the towing gear and deck fittings, including the fairleads and bits. It would be useful if regulations provided further guidance on towline length for port tugs. The final part of this study analyses the solutions informed by a sample of 51 port tugs, the majority of which are escort tugs.
Luis Carral; José Ángel Fraguela; José De Troya; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal. Influence of the towline material: Steel or high-modulus polyethylene on towing gear design and tug deck fittings. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 2015, 230, 639 -651.
AMA StyleLuis Carral, José Ángel Fraguela, José De Troya, José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal. Influence of the towline material: Steel or high-modulus polyethylene on towing gear design and tug deck fittings. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. 2015; 230 (4):639-651.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Carral; José Ángel Fraguela; José De Troya; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal. 2015. "Influence of the towline material: Steel or high-modulus polyethylene on towing gear design and tug deck fittings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 230, no. 4: 639-651.
In contrast with conventional tools, laser processing allows hardening of a restricted zone while keeping the structural properties of the steel bulk. This last quality indicates that, in order to verify a laser hardening, only some specific information of the quenched area is required. The aim of this article is to analyse the reliability of finite element numerical simulation by comparing numerical and experimental outcomes. To do that, we define some magnitudes: the maximum width, the real depth of the laser penetration, the maximum hardness and the hardness versus depth profiles (Jominy’s curves). The tests show the good behaviour of the model and how this contributes important information to the choice of the laser parameters.
E. Saavedra; Alberto Ramil; Ana J. López; J.C. Álvarez. Laser Hardening of XC42 Steel: Numerical Analysis of Quenched Area. Materials Science Forum 2010, 636-637, 1165 -1171.
AMA StyleE. Saavedra, Alberto Ramil, Ana J. López, J.C. Álvarez. Laser Hardening of XC42 Steel: Numerical Analysis of Quenched Area. Materials Science Forum. 2010; 636-637 ():1165-1171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Saavedra; Alberto Ramil; Ana J. López; J.C. Álvarez. 2010. "Laser Hardening of XC42 Steel: Numerical Analysis of Quenched Area." Materials Science Forum 636-637, no. : 1165-1171.
Alberto Ramil; J. Lamas; J.C. Álvarez; A.J. López; E. Saavedra; Armando Yáñez. Micromachining of glass by the third harmonic of nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser. Applied Surface Science 2009, 255, 5557 -5560.
AMA StyleAlberto Ramil, J. Lamas, J.C. Álvarez, A.J. López, E. Saavedra, Armando Yáñez. Micromachining of glass by the third harmonic of nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser. Applied Surface Science. 2009; 255 (10):5557-5560.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlberto Ramil; J. Lamas; J.C. Álvarez; A.J. López; E. Saavedra; Armando Yáñez. 2009. "Micromachining of glass by the third harmonic of nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 10: 5557-5560.
Jose Amado; M.J. Tobar; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; J. Lamas; Armando Yáñez. Laser cladding of tungsten carbides (Spherotene®) hardfacing alloys for the mining and mineral industry. Applied Surface Science 2009, 255, 5553 -5556.
AMA StyleJose Amado, M.J. Tobar, José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal, J. Lamas, Armando Yáñez. Laser cladding of tungsten carbides (Spherotene®) hardfacing alloys for the mining and mineral industry. Applied Surface Science. 2009; 255 (10):5553-5556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose Amado; M.J. Tobar; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; J. Lamas; Armando Yáñez. 2009. "Laser cladding of tungsten carbides (Spherotene®) hardfacing alloys for the mining and mineral industry." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 10: 5553-5556.
C Alvarez; M Mateo; A Yañez; A Ramil; A López. Compositional depth profiles of gilded wood polychromes by means of LIBS. Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks 2008, 115 -120.
AMA StyleC Alvarez, M Mateo, A Yañez, A Ramil, A López. Compositional depth profiles of gilded wood polychromes by means of LIBS. Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks. 2008; ():115-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC Alvarez; M Mateo; A Yañez; A Ramil; A López. 2008. "Compositional depth profiles of gilded wood polychromes by means of LIBS." Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks , no. : 115-120.
M.J. Tobar; J.M. Amado; C. Álvarez; A. García; A. Varela; A. Yáñez. Characteristics of Tribaloy T-800 and T-900 coatings on steel substrates by laser cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology 2008, 202, 2297 -2301.
AMA StyleM.J. Tobar, J.M. Amado, C. Álvarez, A. García, A. Varela, A. Yáñez. Characteristics of Tribaloy T-800 and T-900 coatings on steel substrates by laser cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2008; 202 (11):2297-2301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.J. Tobar; J.M. Amado; C. Álvarez; A. García; A. Varela; A. Yáñez. 2008. "Characteristics of Tribaloy T-800 and T-900 coatings on steel substrates by laser cladding." Surface and Coatings Technology 202, no. 11: 2297-2301.
The abrasive nature of the mechanical processes involved in mining and mineral industry often causes significant wear to the associated equipment and derives non-negligible economic costs. One of the possible strategies to improve the wear resistance of the various components is the deposition of hardfacing layers on the bulk parts. The use of high power lasers for hardfacing (Laser cladding) has attracted a great attention in the last decade as an alternative to other more standard methods (arc welding, oxy-fuel gas welding, thermal spraying).In laser cladding the hardfacing material is used in powder form. For high hardness applications Ni, Co or Fe based alloys containing hard phase carbides at different ratios are commonly used. Tungsten Carbides (WC) can provide coating hardness well above 1000 HV (Vickers). In this respect, commercially available WC powders normally contain spherical microparticles consisting of crushed WC agglomerates. Some years ago, Spherotene® powders consisting of spherical fused, monocrystaline WC particles, being extremely hard, between 1800 and 3000 HV, were patented. Very recently, mixtures of Ni-based alloy with Spherotene powders optimized for laser processing were presented (Technolase®). These mixtures have been used in our study. Laser cladding tests with these powders were performed on low carbon steel (C25) substrates, and results in terms of microstructure and hardness will be discussed.The abrasive nature of the mechanical processes involved in mining and mineral industry often causes significant wear to the associated equipment and derives non-negligible economic costs. One of the possible strategies to improve the wear resistance of the various components is the deposition of hardfacing layers on the bulk parts. The use of high power lasers for hardfacing (Laser cladding) has attracted a great attention in the last decade as an alternative to other more standard methods (arc welding, oxy-fuel gas welding, thermal spraying).In laser cladding the hardfacing material is used in powder form. For high hardness applications Ni, Co or Fe based alloys containing hard phase carbides at different ratios are commonly used. Tungsten Carbides (WC) can provide coating hardness well above 1000 HV (Vickers). In this respect, commercially available WC powders normally contain spherical microparticles consisting of crushed WC agglomerates. Some years ago, Spherotene® powders consisting of spherical fus...
M. J. Tobar; J. M. Amado; J. C. Álvarez; J. Lamas; A. Yáñez. Laser cladding of tungsten carbide hardfacing alloys on steels used in mining industry. International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics 2008, 2008, 1604 .
AMA StyleM. J. Tobar, J. M. Amado, J. C. Álvarez, J. Lamas, A. Yáñez. Laser cladding of tungsten carbide hardfacing alloys on steels used in mining industry. International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics. 2008; 2008 (1):1604.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. J. Tobar; J. M. Amado; J. C. Álvarez; J. Lamas; A. Yáñez. 2008. "Laser cladding of tungsten carbide hardfacing alloys on steels used in mining industry." International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics 2008, no. 1: 1604.
The laser cladding technique allows depositing an alloy material on a wide variety of metal substrates. It consists on melting a small depth of the near surface of the base metal by the laser beam while at the same time the alloy poweder is continuously delivered onto the melt pool. Upon solidification, a dense, pore free and metallurgically bonded to the substrate coating is obtained. This technique is increasingly being used in manufacturing processes to coat and repair surfaces of machine parts and components.
Armando Yáñez; J.C. Álvarez; J.M. Amado; A. Suárez-Díaz; M.J. Tobar; María José Tobar Vidal. A 3D FEM model of residual stress generation during laser cladding. 2007 European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and the International Quantum Electronics Conference 2007, 1 -1.
AMA StyleArmando Yáñez, J.C. Álvarez, J.M. Amado, A. Suárez-Díaz, M.J. Tobar, María José Tobar Vidal. A 3D FEM model of residual stress generation during laser cladding. 2007 European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and the International Quantum Electronics Conference. 2007; ():1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArmando Yáñez; J.C. Álvarez; J.M. Amado; A. Suárez-Díaz; M.J. Tobar; María José Tobar Vidal. 2007. "A 3D FEM model of residual stress generation during laser cladding." 2007 European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and the International Quantum Electronics Conference , no. : 1-1.
Laser surface heat treatments comprise a wide variety of techniques by which hard and wear-resistant layers can be obtained on surface without affecting the bulk material. It is known that the performance of these kinds of treatments is highly influenced by the different parameters involved in the process, such as the thermophysical properties of the material or the laser beam settings: width, power and relative velocity to the workpiece. A careful parameter selection is therefore needed in order to get the desired results. In this sense, simulation models constitute a powerful tool not only to predict the more convenient experimental settings but also to provide a more comprehensive view of the laser process. In this work, a 3D numerical model for laser surface treatment is presented. The model couples the solution of a transient heat conduction equation with a metallurgical phase transformation model based on the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami and Koistinen–Marburger equations. The model is applied to the laser transformation hardening of a hot-work tool steel AISI H13. Several combinations of parameters, fulfilling the process requirements, have been derived from the model and tested on the laboratory. A hardened surface layer of about 0.3 mm depth and 5 GPa hardness is obtained. Measured hardness depth profiles are favourably compared with numerical expectations.
M.J. Tobar; C. Álvarez; Jose Amado; Alberto Ramil; E. Saavedra; Armando Yáñez. Laser transformation hardening of a tool steel: Simulation-based parameter optimization and experimental results. Surface and Coatings Technology 2006, 200, 6362 -6367.
AMA StyleM.J. Tobar, C. Álvarez, Jose Amado, Alberto Ramil, E. Saavedra, Armando Yáñez. Laser transformation hardening of a tool steel: Simulation-based parameter optimization and experimental results. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2006; 200 (22-23):6362-6367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.J. Tobar; C. Álvarez; Jose Amado; Alberto Ramil; E. Saavedra; Armando Yáñez. 2006. "Laser transformation hardening of a tool steel: Simulation-based parameter optimization and experimental results." Surface and Coatings Technology 200, no. 22-23: 6362-6367.
M.J. Tobar; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Jose Amado; G. Rodríguez; Armando Yáñez. Morphology and characterization of laser clad composite NiCrBSi–WC coatings on stainless steel. Surface and Coatings Technology 2006, 200, 6313 -6317.
AMA StyleM.J. Tobar, José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Jose Amado, G. Rodríguez, Armando Yáñez. Morphology and characterization of laser clad composite NiCrBSi–WC coatings on stainless steel. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2006; 200 (22-23):6313-6317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.J. Tobar; José-Carlos Álvarez-Feal; Jose Amado; G. Rodríguez; Armando Yáñez. 2006. "Morphology and characterization of laser clad composite NiCrBSi–WC coatings on stainless steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 200, no. 22-23: 6313-6317.