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Aybike Ongel
TUMCREATE Limited, 1 Create Way, #10-02 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore

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Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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Autonomous electric buses (AEB) have widely been envisioned in future public transportation systems due to their large potential to improve service quality while reducing operational costs. The requirements and specifications for AEBs, however, remain uncertain and strongly depend on the use case. To enable the identification of the optimal vehicle specifications, this paper presents a holistic design optimization framework that explores the impacts of implementing different AEB concepts in a given set of routes/network. To develop the design optimization framework, first, a multi-objective, multi-criteria objective function is formulated by identifying the attributes of bus journeys that represent overall value to the stakeholders. Simulation models are then developed and implemented to evaluate the overall performance of the vehicle concepts. A genetic algorithm is used to find the concepts with the optimal trade-off between the overall value to the stakeholders and the total cost of ownership. A case study is presented of a single bus line in Singapore. The results show an improvement in the waiting time with the use of a smaller sized AEB with a capacity of 20 passengers. However, the costs and emissions increase due to the requirement of a larger fleet and the increase in daily distance traveled compared to a 94-passenger capacity AEB.

ACS Style

Aditya Pathak; Silvan Scheuermann; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. Conceptual Design Optimization of Autonomous Electric Buses in Public Transportation. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2021, 12, 30 .

AMA Style

Aditya Pathak, Silvan Scheuermann, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp. Conceptual Design Optimization of Autonomous Electric Buses in Public Transportation. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12 (1):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aditya Pathak; Silvan Scheuermann; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. 2021. "Conceptual Design Optimization of Autonomous Electric Buses in Public Transportation." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1: 30.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Sensors
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Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) could reduce emissions, increase road safety, and enhance ride comfort. Multiple CAVs can form a CAV platoon with a close inter-vehicle distance, which can further improve energy efficiency, save space, and reduce travel time. To date, there have been few detailed studies of self-driving algorithms for CAV platoons in urban areas. In this paper, we therefore propose a self-driving architecture combining the sensing, planning, and control for CAV platoons in an end-to-end fashion. Our multi-task model can switch between two tasks to drive either the leading or following vehicle in the platoon. The architecture is based on an end-to-end deep learning approach and predicts the control commands, i.e., steering and throttle/brake, with a single neural network. The inputs for this network are images from a front-facing camera, enhanced by information transmitted via vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. The model is trained with data captured in a simulated urban environment with dynamic traffic. We compare our approach with different concepts used in the state-of-the-art end-to-end self-driving research, such as the implementation of recurrent neural networks or transfer learning. Experiments in the simulation were conducted to test the model in different urban environments. A CAV platoon consisting of two vehicles, each controlled by an instance of the network, completed on average 67% of the predefined point-to-point routes in the training environment and 40% in a never-seen-before environment. Using V2V communication, our approach eliminates casual confusion for the following vehicle, which is a known limitation of end-to-end self-driving.

ACS Style

Sebastian Huch; Aybike Ongel; Johannes Betz; Markus Lienkamp. Multi-Task End-to-End Self-Driving Architecture for CAV Platoons. Sensors 2021, 21, 1039 .

AMA Style

Sebastian Huch, Aybike Ongel, Johannes Betz, Markus Lienkamp. Multi-Task End-to-End Self-Driving Architecture for CAV Platoons. Sensors. 2021; 21 (4):1039.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastian Huch; Aybike Ongel; Johannes Betz; Markus Lienkamp. 2021. "Multi-Task End-to-End Self-Driving Architecture for CAV Platoons." Sensors 21, no. 4: 1039.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2020 in Energies
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State of the art powertrain optimization compares the energy consumption of different powertrain configurations based on simulations with fixed driving cycles. However, this approach might not be applicable to future vehicles, since speed advisory systems and automated driving functions offer the potential to adapt the speed profile to minimize energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the potential of powertrain optimization with respect to energy consumption under optimal energy-efficient driving for electric buses. The optimal powertrain configurations of the buses under energy-efficient driving and their respective energy consumptions are obtained using powertrain-specific optimized driving cycles and compared with those of human-driven unconnected buses and buses with non-powertrain-specific optimal speed profiles. Based on the results, new trends in the powertrain design of vehicles under energy-efficient driving are derived. The optimized driving cycles are calculated using a dynamic programming approach. The evaluations were based on the fact that the buses under energy-efficient driving operate in dedicated lanes with vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication while the unconnected buses operate in mixed traffic. The results indicate that deviating from the optimal powertrain configuration does not have a significant effect on energy consumption for optimized speed profiles; however, the energy savings from an optimized powertrain configuration can be significant when ride comfort is considered. The connected buses under energy-efficient driving operating in dedicated lanes may reduce energy consumption by up to 27% compared to human-driven unconnected buses.

ACS Style

Alexander Koch; Olaf Teichert; Svenja Kalt; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. Powertrain Optimization for Electric Buses under Optimal Energy-Efficient Driving. Energies 2020, 13, 6451 .

AMA Style

Alexander Koch, Olaf Teichert, Svenja Kalt, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp. Powertrain Optimization for Electric Buses under Optimal Energy-Efficient Driving. Energies. 2020; 13 (23):6451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander Koch; Olaf Teichert; Svenja Kalt; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. 2020. "Powertrain Optimization for Electric Buses under Optimal Energy-Efficient Driving." Energies 13, no. 23: 6451.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2020 in Energies
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Vehicle platooning has been proposed as one of the potential technologies for intelligent transport systems to improve transportation and energy efficiency in urban cities. Despite extensive studies conducted on the platooning of heavy-duty trucks, literature on the analysis of urban vehicle platoons has been limited. To analyse the impact of platooning in urban environments, this paper studies the influence of intervehicle distance, platoon size and vehicle speed on the drag coefficient of the vehicles in a platoon using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two vehicle models—a minibus and a passenger car—are analysed to characterise the drag coefficients of the respective platoons. An analysis of energy consumption is conducted to evaluate the energy savings with platooning using a longitudinal dynamics simulation. The results showed a reduction in the average drag coefficient of the platoon of up to 24% at an intervehicle distance of 1 m depending on the number of vehicles in the platoon. With a larger intervehicle distance of 4 m, the reduction in the drag coefficient decreased to 4% of the drag coefficient of the isolated vehicle. Subsequently, energy savings with platooning were calculated to be up to 10% depending on the driving cycle, intervehicle distance and platoon size.

ACS Style

Sai Teja Kaluva; Aditya Pathak; Aybike Ongel. Aerodynamic Drag Analysis of Autonomous Electric Vehicle Platoons. Energies 2020, 13, 4028 .

AMA Style

Sai Teja Kaluva, Aditya Pathak, Aybike Ongel. Aerodynamic Drag Analysis of Autonomous Electric Vehicle Platoons. Energies. 2020; 13 (15):4028.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sai Teja Kaluva; Aditya Pathak; Aybike Ongel. 2020. "Aerodynamic Drag Analysis of Autonomous Electric Vehicle Platoons." Energies 13, no. 15: 4028.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2019 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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The electrification of bus-based public transportation contributes to the goal of reducing the adverse environmental impacts caused by urban transportation. However, the penetration of electric vehicles has been slow due to their lower vehicle range and total costs in comparison to vehicles driven by internal combustion engines. By improving the powertrain efficiency, the total costs can be reduced for the same vehicle range. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic design exploration approach to investigate and identify the optimal powertrain concept for electric city buses based on the component costs and energy consumption costs. The load profiles of speed, slope, and passenger occupancy profiles are derived for a selected bus route in Singapore, which is used in a powertrain design exploration for a 30-passenger vehicle. Six different powertrain architectures are analyzed, together with single and multi-speed gearbox configurations, to identify the optimal powertrain architecture and the resulting component sizes. The powertrain configurations are further analyzed in terms of their influence on the vehicle characteristics and total costs. Multi-motor configurations were found to have better vehicle characteristics and lower total costs in comparison to single rear motor configurations. Concepts with motors on the front and a rear axle could shift the load points to a higher efficiency region, resulting in lower energy consumption and energy costs. The optimal powertrain concept was a fixed-speed two-motor configuration, with a booster motor on the front axle and a motor on the rear axle.

ACS Style

Aditya Pathak; Ganesh Sethuraman; Sebastian Krapf; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2019, 10, 56 .

AMA Style

Aditya Pathak, Ganesh Sethuraman, Sebastian Krapf, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp. Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2019; 10 (3):56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aditya Pathak; Ganesh Sethuraman; Sebastian Krapf; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. 2019. "Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 3: 56.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2019 in Sustainability
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There is rapidly growing interest in autonomous electric vehicles due to their potential in improving safety, accessibility, and environmental outcomes. However, their market penetration rate is dependent on costs. Use of autonomous electric vehicles for shared-use mobility may improve their cost competitiveness. So far, most of the research has focused on the cost impact of autonomy on taxis and ridesourcing services. Singapore is planning for island-wide deployment of autonomous vehicles for both scheduled and on-demand services as part of their transit system in the year 2030. TUMCREATE developed an autonomous electric vehicle concept, a microtransit vehicle with 30-passenger capacity, which can complement the existing bus transit system. This study aims to determine the cost of autonomous electric microtransit vehicles and compare them to those of buses. A total cost of ownership (TCO) approach was used to compare the lifecycle costs. It was shown that although the acquisition costs of autonomous electric vehicles are higher than those of their conventional counterparts, they can reduce the TCO per passenger-km up to 75% and 60% compared to their conventional counterparts and buses, respectively.

ACS Style

Aybike Ongel; Erik Loewer; Felix Roemer; Ganesh Sethuraman; Fengqi Chang; Markus Lienkamp. Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles. Sustainability 2019, 11, 648 .

AMA Style

Aybike Ongel, Erik Loewer, Felix Roemer, Ganesh Sethuraman, Fengqi Chang, Markus Lienkamp. Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aybike Ongel; Erik Loewer; Felix Roemer; Ganesh Sethuraman; Fengqi Chang; Markus Lienkamp. 2019. "Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 648.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2018 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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Public transportation (PT) systems suffer from disutility compared to private transportation due to the inability to provide passengers with a door-to-door service, referred to as the first/last mile problem. Personal mobility devices (PMDs) are thought to improve PT service quality by closing this first/last mile gap. However, current PMDs are generally driven manually by the rider and require a learning phase for safe vehicle operation. Additionally, most PMDs require a standing riding position and are not easily accessible to elderly people or persons with disabilities. In this paper, the concept of an autonomously operating mobility device is introduced. The visionary concept is designed as an on-demand transportation service which transports people for short to medium distances and increases the accessibility to public transport. The device is envisioned to be operated as a larger fleet and does not belong to an individual person. The vehicle features an electric powertrain and a one-axle self-balancing design with a small footprint. It provides one seat for a passenger and a tilt mechanism that is designed to improve the ride comfort and safety at horizontal curves. An affordable 3D-camera system is used for autonomous localization and navigation. For the evaluation and demonstration of the concept, a functional prototype is implemented.

ACS Style

Manfred Klöppel; Felix Römer; Michael Wittmann; Bijan Hatam; Thomas Herrmann; Lee Leng Sim; Jun Siang Douglas Lim; Yunfan Lu; Vladimir Medovy; Lukas Merkle; Wy Xin Richmond Ten; Aybike Ongel; Yan Jack Jeffrey Hong; Heong Wah Ng; Markus Lienkamp. Scube—Concept and Implementation of a Self-balancing, Autonomous Mobility Device for Personal Transport. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2018, 9, 48 .

AMA Style

Manfred Klöppel, Felix Römer, Michael Wittmann, Bijan Hatam, Thomas Herrmann, Lee Leng Sim, Jun Siang Douglas Lim, Yunfan Lu, Vladimir Medovy, Lukas Merkle, Wy Xin Richmond Ten, Aybike Ongel, Yan Jack Jeffrey Hong, Heong Wah Ng, Markus Lienkamp. Scube—Concept and Implementation of a Self-balancing, Autonomous Mobility Device for Personal Transport. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2018; 9 (4):48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manfred Klöppel; Felix Römer; Michael Wittmann; Bijan Hatam; Thomas Herrmann; Lee Leng Sim; Jun Siang Douglas Lim; Yunfan Lu; Vladimir Medovy; Lukas Merkle; Wy Xin Richmond Ten; Aybike Ongel; Yan Jack Jeffrey Hong; Heong Wah Ng; Markus Lienkamp. 2018. "Scube—Concept and Implementation of a Self-balancing, Autonomous Mobility Device for Personal Transport." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 4: 48.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 May 2018 in 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia)
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The energy consumption per passenger per kilometre and the total energy consumption of the system are two important criteria in the vehicle concept evaluation for a public transport system. However, the calculation of these two values mainly depends on the trip characteristics of the public transport system, including the trip length and the occupancy of vehicles, which are not readily available to public. The analysis of the massive trip data requires strong computational power and thus long processing time, which is not appropriate for the early phase design of vehicle concept. To calculate the energy consumption of a public transport system, this paper introduces a novel approach only based on variables that are generally open to public, including daily fleet mileage and the daily total ridership. This approach can be rapidly implemented for different vehicles and different public transport systems. Therefore, it can be used for a rapid evaluation of the vehicle concept designs for specific public transport systems. The approach is also useful for power grid planners to quickly decide if the infrastructure is ready for the electrification of the public transport system.

ACS Style

Fengqi Chang; Raymond Khoo; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. Rapid Energy Consumption Assessment of Vehicle Concepts for Public Transport Systems without Detailed Deployment Data. 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia) 2018, 452 -455.

AMA Style

Fengqi Chang, Raymond Khoo, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp. Rapid Energy Consumption Assessment of Vehicle Concepts for Public Transport Systems without Detailed Deployment Data. 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). 2018; ():452-455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fengqi Chang; Raymond Khoo; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. 2018. "Rapid Energy Consumption Assessment of Vehicle Concepts for Public Transport Systems without Detailed Deployment Data." 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia) , no. : 452-455.