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Ganesh Sethuraman
TUMCREATE Limited, Singapore

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Research article
Published: 25 November 2020 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering
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The demand for autonomous electric public transport is increasing globally. New vehicle models and variants are increasing the development complexity and hence the overall development time. Therefore, there is a requirement for a vehicle-packaging tool that can translate user inputs into an optimised vehicle package and can be visualised instantly. The aim of this paper is to develop a parametric tool for designing different concepts for electric autonomous buses. The scope of application is intended in the early phase of the vehicle development process to enable a fast and efficient creation of a flexible bus concept. Through a graphical user interface (GUI), the user is able to size and select all the required components for the autonomous vehicle concepts. The vehicle specification is initiated by selection of one of the three classes of vehicle, the desired number of passengers and then the bus interior’s seat arrangement design. An appropriate powertrain and chassis will then automatically be configured in the next steps. The HVAC simulation allows for the design of different components of the refrigeration circuit to ensure proper cabin temperature. For evaluating the concept, the energy consumption is analysed through simulations, and an estimated initial cost of vehicle concepts and individual systems completes the concept. A spider chart summarises all characteristics and offers an overview of the vehicle concept, providing the possibility to compare with other concepts simultaneously. The tool can create 9600 different bus concepts and provides interfaces for expansion.

ACS Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Phi Robert Tran; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp; Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. Development of a parametric packaging and sizing tool for autonomous electric bus system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 2020, 235, 1713 -1733.

AMA Style

Ganesh Sethuraman, Phi Robert Tran, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp, Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. Development of a parametric packaging and sizing tool for autonomous electric bus system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2020; 235 (6):1713-1733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Phi Robert Tran; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp; Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. 2020. "Development of a parametric packaging and sizing tool for autonomous electric bus system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 6: 1713-1733.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2020 in Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
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Electrification and automation are attracting interest from the public-transportation sector for their potential to improve energy efficiency, cost efficiency, and environmental performance. Singapore is planning to integrate autonomous buses/minibuses into its transportation system by 2030. However, before the island-wide deployment of autonomous vehicles, there is a need to evaluate their effects on sustainability. A study was therefore conducted in Singapore to evaluate the costs and environmental impacts of autonomous electric minibuses, and the results are revealed and discussed here. This paper presents a case study to demonstrate the impacts of replacing human-driven diesel buses with electrified and automated minibuses on life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for seven routes. The vehicles evaluated were a 12‑m human-driven diesel bus, a 6‑m electrified human-driven minibus, and a 6‑m electrified autonomous minibus. First, the impacts of the vehicle concepts on the scheduling were analysed to obtain the operational strategy and passenger occupancy along the route. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) and a total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis were then conducted to compare the fleet-level costs and GHG emissions. The results showed a 43% reduction in total life-cycle cost for the autonomous electric minibus, compared with the 12‑m diesel bus. The life-cycle GHG emissions of the 6‑m autonomous electric minibus were also reduced by 47% compared with the 12‑m diesel bus, despite the fact that a larger number of the former vehicle were required in the fleet.

ACS Style

Aditya Pathak; Ganesh Sethuraman; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. Impacts of electrification & automation of public bus transportation on sustainability—A case study in Singapore. Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 2020, 85, 431 -442.

AMA Style

Aditya Pathak, Ganesh Sethuraman, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp. Impacts of electrification & automation of public bus transportation on sustainability—A case study in Singapore. Forschung im Ingenieurwesen. 2020; 85 (2):431-442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aditya Pathak; Ganesh Sethuraman; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. 2020. "Impacts of electrification & automation of public bus transportation on sustainability—A case study in Singapore." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 85, no. 2: 431-442.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2020 in SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles
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ACS Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Manfred Schwarz; Stefan Maxl; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp; Heong Wah Ng; Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. Development of an Overall Vehicle Sizing and Packaging Tool for Autonomous Electric Buses in the Early Concept Phase. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 2020, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Ganesh Sethuraman, Manfred Schwarz, Stefan Maxl, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp, Heong Wah Ng, Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. Development of an Overall Vehicle Sizing and Packaging Tool for Autonomous Electric Buses in the Early Concept Phase. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles. 2020; 13 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Manfred Schwarz; Stefan Maxl; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp; Heong Wah Ng; Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. 2020. "Development of an Overall Vehicle Sizing and Packaging Tool for Autonomous Electric Buses in the Early Concept Phase." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 13, no. 1: 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2019 in 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)
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ACS Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Sai Sagar Reddy Ragavareddy; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp; Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. Impact Assessment of Autonomous Electric Vehicles in Public Transportation System. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Ganesh Sethuraman, Sai Sagar Reddy Ragavareddy, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp, Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. Impact Assessment of Autonomous Electric Vehicles in Public Transportation System. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Sai Sagar Reddy Ragavareddy; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp; Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. 2019. "Impact Assessment of Autonomous Electric Vehicles in Public Transportation System." 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2019 in 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)
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One typical application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is vehicle platooning where a group of vehicles travel with smaller inter-vehicle distance safely, improving energy efficiency as well as road capacity and traffic safety. Truck platooning on highways has been widely studied and showed the aforementioned effects. However, the platooning of buses in urban environments have not been investigated thoroughly in the literature. This paper examines the effects of bus platooning with respect to traffic control and energy consumption.Microscopic traffic simulations have been conducted to demonstrate that bus platooning improves the quality of service of buses and maintains the quality of the traffic flow. Subsequently, driving cycles of buses generated from the simulation study serve as input for an energy consumption analysis, showing that not only bus platooning itself result in a reduction of energy consumption but the traffic signal prioritisation for bus platooning lead to additional energy savings.

ACS Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Xiaodong Liu; Frederik R. Bachmann; Meng Xie; Aybike Ongel; Fritz Busch. Effects of Bus Platooning in an Urban Environment. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) 2019, 974 -980.

AMA Style

Ganesh Sethuraman, Xiaodong Liu, Frederik R. Bachmann, Meng Xie, Aybike Ongel, Fritz Busch. Effects of Bus Platooning in an Urban Environment. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). 2019; ():974-980.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Xiaodong Liu; Frederik R. Bachmann; Meng Xie; Aybike Ongel; Fritz Busch. 2019. "Effects of Bus Platooning in an Urban Environment." 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) , no. : 974-980.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2019 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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The electrification of bus-based public transportation contributes to the goal of reducing the adverse environmental impacts caused by urban transportation. However, the penetration of electric vehicles has been slow due to their lower vehicle range and total costs in comparison to vehicles driven by internal combustion engines. By improving the powertrain efficiency, the total costs can be reduced for the same vehicle range. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic design exploration approach to investigate and identify the optimal powertrain concept for electric city buses based on the component costs and energy consumption costs. The load profiles of speed, slope, and passenger occupancy profiles are derived for a selected bus route in Singapore, which is used in a powertrain design exploration for a 30-passenger vehicle. Six different powertrain architectures are analyzed, together with single and multi-speed gearbox configurations, to identify the optimal powertrain architecture and the resulting component sizes. The powertrain configurations are further analyzed in terms of their influence on the vehicle characteristics and total costs. Multi-motor configurations were found to have better vehicle characteristics and lower total costs in comparison to single rear motor configurations. Concepts with motors on the front and a rear axle could shift the load points to a higher efficiency region, resulting in lower energy consumption and energy costs. The optimal powertrain concept was a fixed-speed two-motor configuration, with a booster motor on the front axle and a motor on the rear axle.

ACS Style

Aditya Pathak; Ganesh Sethuraman; Sebastian Krapf; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2019, 10, 56 .

AMA Style

Aditya Pathak, Ganesh Sethuraman, Sebastian Krapf, Aybike Ongel, Markus Lienkamp. Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2019; 10 (3):56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aditya Pathak; Ganesh Sethuraman; Sebastian Krapf; Aybike Ongel; Markus Lienkamp. 2019. "Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 3: 56.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2019 in Sustainability
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There is rapidly growing interest in autonomous electric vehicles due to their potential in improving safety, accessibility, and environmental outcomes. However, their market penetration rate is dependent on costs. Use of autonomous electric vehicles for shared-use mobility may improve their cost competitiveness. So far, most of the research has focused on the cost impact of autonomy on taxis and ridesourcing services. Singapore is planning for island-wide deployment of autonomous vehicles for both scheduled and on-demand services as part of their transit system in the year 2030. TUMCREATE developed an autonomous electric vehicle concept, a microtransit vehicle with 30-passenger capacity, which can complement the existing bus transit system. This study aims to determine the cost of autonomous electric microtransit vehicles and compare them to those of buses. A total cost of ownership (TCO) approach was used to compare the lifecycle costs. It was shown that although the acquisition costs of autonomous electric vehicles are higher than those of their conventional counterparts, they can reduce the TCO per passenger-km up to 75% and 60% compared to their conventional counterparts and buses, respectively.

ACS Style

Aybike Ongel; Erik Loewer; Felix Roemer; Ganesh Sethuraman; Fengqi Chang; Markus Lienkamp. Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles. Sustainability 2019, 11, 648 .

AMA Style

Aybike Ongel, Erik Loewer, Felix Roemer, Ganesh Sethuraman, Fengqi Chang, Markus Lienkamp. Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aybike Ongel; Erik Loewer; Felix Roemer; Ganesh Sethuraman; Fengqi Chang; Markus Lienkamp. 2019. "Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 648.