PV generating sources are one of the most promising power generation systems in today’s power scenario. The inherent potential barrier that PV possesses with respect to irradiation and temperature is its nonlinear power output characteristics. An intelligent power tracking scheme, e.g., maximum power point tracking (MPPT), is mandatorily employed to increase the power delivery of a PV system. The MPPT schemes experiences severe setbacks when the PV is even shaded partially as PV exhibits multiple power peaks. Therefore, the search mechanism gets deceived and gets stuck with the local maxima. Hence, a rational search mechanism should be developed, which will find the global maxima for a partially shaded PV. The conventional techniques like fractional open circuit voltage (FOCV), hill climbing (HC) method, perturb and observe (P&O), etc., even in their modified versions, are not competent enough to track the global MPP (GMPP). Nature-inspired and bio-inspired MPPT techniques have been proposed by the researchers to optimize the power output of a PV system during partially shaded conditions (PSCs). This paper reviews, compares, and analyzes them. This article renders firsthand information to those in the field of research, who seek interest in the performance enhancement of PV system during inhomogeneous irradiation. Each algorithm has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of convergence speed, coding complexity, hardware compatibility, stability, etc. Overall, the authors have presented the logic of each global search MPPT algorithms and its comparisons, and also have reviewed the performance enhancement of these techniques when these algorithms are hybridized.

The objective of this study is the Predetermination of stability in power system network by optimization techniques by two different line stability indices. A hybrid optimization technique has derived by modifying Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) and implemented in identifying the power system network stability conditions. Two line stability indices, such as Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) and Apparent Line Power Stability Index (ALPSI) are used as a stability proximator tool. The performance of the proposed hybrid technique is effectively instigated in "IEEE - 14 Bus System" and its outcomes are compared with conventional method.

The knowledge gain of micro-grid operation control schemes for micro-grid application is important for graduate and undergraduate students. In this paper, the issues on photovoltaic integrated to grid system and the control schemes are discussed from basics and the level of students’ understanding. Initially the basic photovoltaic modeling, maximum power point tracking techniques, and grid synchronization are presented. For grid synchronization, the mostly used synchronous reference frame-phase locked loop is considered here. For the understanding of the students, the control schemes are applied in three different cases with the help of MATLAB Simulink and the results are analyzed. The authors hope that the electrical engineering students may gain the knowledge about the effective use of solar energy and also grid synchronization technique for a reliable power supply to the critical loads in the topic control schemes on photovoltaic integrated grid system and proceed for their project or research work. The suggested scheme is duly simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment and also realized as a hardware prototype; the simulation and hardware results reveal that the suggested approach provides clear directions for a resilient operation of a micro-grid that embodies necessary renewable sources and storage elements.