Objective: Endocrine disorders, including diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunctions, can significantly impact bone metabolism and structure. This study aimed to assess mandibular trabecular architecture in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism using fractal dimension (FD) and histogram analyses (HA), comparing the findings with a healthy control group. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed panoramic radiographs from 200 individuals, comprising 40 patients in each of the four endocrine disorder groups and 40 healthy controls. Fractal dimension and histogram-based pixel intensity analyses were conducted using ImageJ™ (version 1.53) software. Four standardized regions of interest (ROI) were evaluated on the right mandible, and statistical comparisons were conducted across groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, Mann–Whitney U, and Spearman correlation analyses. Results: Age and gender distributions did not differ significantly between groups. FD analysis revealed a significant reduction at ROI1 in the hyperthyroidism group compared to controls (p = 0.018); however, no other significant FD differences were observed among the remaining groups or ROIs. A significant positive correlation was found between FD and histogram values at ROI1 and ROI2 (p < 0.001), while pixel intensity values did not differ significantly across groups in any ROI. Conclusion: Although no significant differences were found in diabetic groups, the decreased FD in hyperthyroid patients suggests that FD analysis may be a useful non-invasive method to detect subtle bone alterations. Further research with larger sample sizes and comprehensive biochemical analyses are needed to confirm these findings.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate preoperative bone quality obtained from the Hounsfield unit and fractal analysis scores in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) sections and compare this value with primer stability derived from resonance frequency analysis scores soon after placement of implants in the mandibular posterior region. Material and Method: A total of 36 implant regions were examined retrospectively. Primary outcome variables include the Hounsfield unit, fractal analysis, and resonance frequency analysis scores soon after implant placement. Hounsfield unit and fractal analysis scores were calculated on the preoperative CBCT. Results: The mean Hounsfield unit, fractal analysis and resonance frequency analysis scores of all implants were 76.44, 0.65 and 67.44, respectively. No statistically significant correlation was found between the Hounsfield unit, fractal analysis and resonance frequency analysis scores (p>0.05). Resonance frequency analysis scores (p=0.002) and Hounsfield unit scores (p=0.050) were significantly superior in males. Age was found to be related to resonance frequency analysis scores (r=0.445, p=0.007). Conclusion: The preoperative bone quality of alveolar bone measured from cone beam computed tomography by Hounsfield unit or fractal analysis may be insufficient to determine initial implant stability. Further studies are needed to investigate parameters related to the prediction of implant stability.

Background: This study aimed to characterize the histopathological spectrum of surgically biopsied oral and maxillofacial lesions and their distribution according to anatomical location, tissue involvement, sex, age, and diagnostic status in a single-center setting. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 295 consecutive biopsy records from March 2021 to February 2024 were screened, and 279 eligible patients were included. Demographic data, anatomical locations, and histopathological diagnoses were obtained from institutional records. Diagnostic categories were compared according to sex and age using the Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test with Monte Carlo estimation. Results: Thirty-four distinct histopathological diagnoses were identified. The most frequent were radicular cysts (27.6%), dentigerous cysts (17.9%), and periapical granulomas (12.9%). Jaw cysts represented the largest diagnostic category (54.1%), and most lesions involved bone (72.8%). The mandible was the most frequently affected site (43.4%). Overall, 257 lesions (92.1%) were classified as benign, 20 (7.2%) as oral potentially malignant disorders, and two (0.7%) as malignant. The overall distribution of diagnostic categories differed significantly according to sex (p < 0.001) and age group (p = 0.002). Subgroup patterns were interpreted descriptively because of small category sizes. Conclusions: Jaw cysts, particularly radicular and dentigerous cysts, predominated in this institutional biopsy series. The findings describe the histopathological distribution of biopsied lesions at a single center and should not be interpreted as estimates of population-level disease prevalence.