In this paper, improved single- and multi-objective Harris Hawks Optimization algorithms, called IHHO and MOIHHO, respectively are proposed and applied for determining the optimal placement of distribution generation (DG) in the radial distribution systems. Harris hawks optimizer (HHO) is a anew inspired meta-heuristic optimization technique that is mainly based on the intelligence behavior of the Harris hawks in chasing prey. The IHHO and MOIHHO are applied for determining the optimal size and location of DG with the aim of minimizing the total active power loss, reducing the voltage deviation (VD), and increasing the voltage stability index (VSI) with considering operational constraints of distribution system. In IHHO, the performance of conventional HHO algorithm is improved using the rabbit location instead of the random location. In MOIHHO, a developed grey relation analysis is applied for identifying the best compromise solution among the non-dominance Pareto solutions. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms, IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus radial distribution systems are used, and the obtained results are compared with the other optimization techniques which utilized for the same problem. The results prove the efficiency of the proposed algorithms in terms of best solutions obtained so far for the single- and multi-objective scenarios.

This work reviews design aspects of liquid metal antennas and their corresponding applications. In the age of modern wireless communication technologies, adaptability and versatility have become highly attractive features of any communication device. Compared to traditional conductors like copper, the flow property and lack of elasticity limit of conductive fluids, makes them an ideal alternative for applications demanding mechanically flexible antennas. These fluidic properties also allow innovative antenna fabrication techniques like 3D printing, injecting, or spraying the conductive fluid on rigid/flexible substrates. Such fluids can also be easily manipulated to implement reconfigurability in liquid antennas using methods like micro pumping or electrochemically controlled capillary action as compared to traditional approaches like high-frequency switching. In this work, we discuss attributes of widely used conductive fluids, their novel patterning/fabrication techniques, and their corresponding state-of-the-art applications.