Purpose. Athletic sprint runs are cyclical movements of maximum intensity. Speed, reaction time, agility and explosiveness are of special importance in sprinters. The main goal of the research is to determine the influence of Body height (BH) and Body weight (BW) with the best achieved results of in sprint disciplines (60m,100m,200m). Material and methods. In study included 40 competitors, top male sprinters (BH=180,45±6,88cm; BW=78,83±7,69kg). Their achieved best results in sprint disciplines were analyzed (60m, 100m, 200m). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between body height and body weight and the results of sprint disciplines. Also a univariate model of regression analysis was applied and the relevant coefficients were calculated. The level of acceptance of statistical significance was set to p<0.05. Results. The simple regression analysis did not show a statistically significant influence of body height and body weight on the result of sprint running. Low correlations (BH vs. 100m = -0.306), (BW vs. 100m = -0.226) and (BH vs. 200m = -0.221) and insignificant correlations with an inverse relationship between results and anthropometric measures are mainly evident. Conclusion. Body height and body weight did not have a statistically significant effect on the results of the 60m sprint, while their influence is evident in the 100m, and especially in the 200m (but without statistical significance). This influence on the result of running 100 and 200m is a consequence of the exceptional motor-functional abilities of the sprinter to show greater force in the last phase of the rebound. Otherwise in the sprint, the rear rebound phase is much more important than the front rebound phase. A long step with the body weight (muscle) of the sprinter produces a higher rebound force, which with a big frequency of steps and good tecnique guarantees a good result.

Anthropometric traits are closely related to health improvement as well as motor skills, psychological and sociological development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the differences in anthropometric traits of high school students and trend of changes among them.The anthropometric parameters including weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were measured in 60 male and female students, aged 17 ± 0.5 years. Descriptive statistics and t-independent test was used to analyze the data.The results suggested that there were statistically significant differences in the height (t = 7.40; P < 0.000) and body weight (t = 3.62; P < 0.001) of male and female students, while no significant difference was found in BMI values in the two groups (t = -0.33, P > 0.001). In addition, it was suggested that 68% of male and female high school with mean BMI of 25 and 13 respectively, had normal nutrition status. 14.6% of male and 10.5% of female students had malnutrition. 21% of female students and 17% of male students had an excessive malnutrition.Although, today’s development is moving towards the advancement of technology, the life style especially nutrition status and physical activity needs to be seriously considered. However, mush research is needed to understand the effective factors on life style of different age groups especially students who are so involved in threaten of hypokinesian lifestyle.

Background and Study Aim. Various experimental programs for the development of motor skills are present in sports activities. Explosive strength can be defined as the ability to produce maximum force as soon as possible, and it represents an essential factor in activities where it is necessary to increase the acceleration of the body mass, the mass of specific body parts, or of an external object. The aim of study – to determine the effects of an experimental program on the explosive strength of lower limbs in male adolescents. Material and Methods. One hundred and one male adolescent (aged 19 years ± 6 months; body height 181.43 ± 7.42 cm; body mass 80.08 ± 10.07 kg) were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (E; N=48) and control group (K; N=48). The E group performed the experimental program which lasted fifteen weeks and consisted of three 60-min training sessions per week. All participants were tested on Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Countermovement Jump with arms (CMJa) and Continuous Jump with Straight Legs (CJSL). The four tests were performed using a Kistler force platform to measure Quatro Jump Bosco Protocol Version 1.0.9.2 and gave us data about the jump height, number of jumps for 15s, average power jump and peak power jump. The multivariate analysis covariance (MANCOVA) and follow up analysis covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results. The results of MANCOVA showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the E and K groups in all systems of variable lower limb explosive strength in male adolescents. In addition, results of ANCOVA showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in SJ, CMJ, CMJa and CJSL in favor of the E group compared to the K one. Conclusions. The results of this research show that a fifteen-week experimental program can lead to significant improvements in lower limb explosive strength in male adolescents. Передумови та мета дослідження. У спортивних заняттях присутні різні експериментальні програми для розвитку моторики. Вибухову силу можна визначити як здатність виробляти максимальну силу якомога швидше, і вона є важливим фактором у діяльності, де необхідно збільшити прискорення маси тіла, маси окремих частин тіла або зовнішнього об’єкта. . Мета дослідження: метою було визначити вплив експериментальної програми на вибухову силу нижніх кінцівок у підлітків чоловічої статі.Матеріал і методи. Сто один підліток чоловічої статі (віком 19 років ± 6 місяців; зріст тіла 181,43 ± 7,42 см; маса тіла 80,08 ± 10,07 кг) були набрані та випадковим чином розділені на дві групи: експериментальну (E; N=48) та контрольну ( K; N=48). Група E виконувала експериментальну програму, яка тривала п'ятнадцять тижнів і складалася з трьох 60-хвилинних тренувань на тиждень. Усі учасники були протестовані на стрибок із присідання (SJ), стрибок із зустрічним рухом (CMJ), стрибок із зустрічним рухом руками (CMJa) та безперервний стрибок із прямими ногами (CJSL). Чотири тести були проведені з використанням силової платформи Kistler для вимірювання протоколу Quatro Jump Bosco версії 1.0.9.2 і дали нам дані про висоту стрибка, кількість стрибків протягом 15 секунд, стрибок середньої потужності та стрибок пікової потужності. Для аналізу даних використовували коваріацію багатовимірного аналізу (MANCOVA) і коваріацію подальшого аналізу (ANCOVA).Результати. Результати MANCOVA показали статистично значущі відмінності (p ≤ 0,001) між групами E та K у всіх системах змінної вибухової сили нижніх кінцівок у підлітків чоловічої статі. Крім того, результати ANCOVA показали статистично значущі відмінності (p ≤ 0,001) у SJ, CMJ, CMJa та CJSL на користь групи E порівняно з групою K.Висновки. Результати цього дослідження показують, що п’ятнадцятитижнева експериментальна програма може призвести до значного покращення вибухової сили нижніх кінцівок у підлітків чоловічої статі.

Background: Football is a sport that requires a high level of technical, tactical, and motor skills, with particular emphasis on agility, speed, explosive strength, and flexibility. The development of these abilities depends on biological maturity, training experience, and individual factors, which affect player performance across different age categories. Purpose: The aim was to examine and compare the level of motor abilities between football players of FC GOŠK Gabela (Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the junior (U19) and senior (U25) age categories, focusing on key elements such as agility, speed, explosive and repetitive strength, as well as flexibility. Method: The sample consisted of 22 players from the same club, divided into two groups by age category: 11 juniors (U19) (body height = 181.56 ± 5.74 cm; body weight = 73.29 ± 6.40 kg; BMI = 22.21 kg/m²) and 11 seniors (U25) (body height = 184.98 ± 5.97 cm; body weight = 77.35 ± 5.70 kg; BMI = 22.55 ± 0.38 kg/m²). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and differences between groups were determined using an independent t-test for small samples. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Mean Difference and 95% Confidence Intervals were also calculated to further assess the significance and effect size of the detected differences (Cohen’s d). Results: Seniors achieved significantly better results in agility tests (Illinois and Zig-Zag tests) and the 60-meter sprint, while differences in other tests were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Differences in upper body explosive strength (medicine ball throw) and flexibility were not significant, although seniors showed slightly better average values. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that biological maturity and longer training experience significantly influence the improvement of motor abilities, especially agility and speed over longer distances.

Background: Injury prevention in situational sports remains a major challenge due to the dynamic, unpredictable, and multifactorial nature of competitive environments. Existing injury-risk assessment approaches are predominantly based on reductionist and linear models that evaluate isolated predictors and may not adequately reflect complex interactions among multiple risk factors. Methods: A conceptual non-linear framework for individualized injury-risk assessment was developed based on the dynamics of the logistic (sigmoid) function. The proposed model conceptualizes the athlete as a complex open biomechanical system and integrates physiological, technical, psychological, anthropometric, historical, recovery-related, and situational factors into a composite risk index (Z), which is transformed into a bounded injury probability scale (Pinjury ∈ [0,1]). Results: The framework describes three structural phases of injury-risk progression: (1) a latent risk phase characterized by compensatory mechanisms, (2) a non-linear acceleration phase driven by synergistic interactions among risk factors, and (3) a critical saturation phase in which injury probability approaches its upper limit. The concept of a “safety window” is introduced as a practical tool for individualized monitoring and training-load management. The model provides a unified theoretical structure for integrating heterogeneous injury-related factors within a single probabilistic framework. Conclusions: The proposed framework offers a novel conceptual basis for individualized injury-risk assessment in situational sports and may support the development of future decision-support systems for injury prevention. Although empirical validation and sport-specific calibration are required, the model establishes a theoretical foundation for future research and practical applications in sports science and sports medicine.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as diferenças nas características antropométricas entre velocistas e saltadores para direcionar a educação com mais precisão nesses campos. Participaram do estudo 24 homens do atletismo, divididos em dois grupos: 14 velocistas (idade 21,57 ± 1,16 anos) e 10 saltadores (21,80 ± 1,03 anos). As variáveis incluíram 13 medidas antropométricas. Para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos de variáveis foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney e análise de variância (ANOVA). Os resultados do teste U de Mann-Whitney mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante (p ≤ 0,05) em duas variáveis para estimativa do tecido adiposo subcutâneo, dobra cutânea torácica e dobra cutânea axilar média. Outras variáveis analisadas para avaliação longitudinal do esqueleto e diferenças de massa corporal e volume não foram estatisticamente significantes (p ≥ 0,05). Esses achados podem dar aos treinadores um melhor conhecimento, sugerir seguir métodos recentes e ter mais cuidado em programas de treinamento com diferentes modalidades de atletismo.