Multifocal choroiditis (MFC) is multi-inflammatory lesions that occur in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choriocapillaris. Optical examinations are the major diagnostic methods to diagnose the disease. To examine patients with different types of MFC by multiple imageological methods. To summarize the imageology features of different types of MFC to make a medical examination guideline for clinician practices. All of the patients who included in the study received examinations of fundus color photography, infrared fundus photography, fundus auto fluorescence (FAF), fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. Finally, imageology features of different types of multifocal choroiditis were summarized. A total of 51 eyes from 28 patients with diagnosed MFC were included in the study. These patients consisted of 10 males and 18 females aged from 31 to 49 (mean age: 41.5 ± 0.8). 23 patients had MFC on both eye whilst 5 had monocular disease. The MFC lesions were classified as active inflammatory lesions, inactive inflammatory lesions, inflammatory lesions secondary active choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and inflammatory lesions secondary inactive CNV according to literature reports and comprehensive fundus imaging examinations. Examinations via fundus color photography, infrared fundus photography, FAF, FFA and OCT indicate typical imageological signals of different types of MFC. These imageology tests can greatly assist the clinicians to identify the MFC and provide proper therapies.

With the increasing demand for bone defect repair, bone implant materials have emerged as a critical alternative to traditional autologous or allogeneic bone grafts. However, their clinical performance remains limited due to challenges such as prolonged healing times and suboptimal repair quality. Moreover, in patients with certain pathological conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis), disruptions in the bone microenvironment further compromise regenerative outcomes. To address these limitations, surface modification strategies have been developed to regulate implant-bone tissue interactions and improve therapeutic efficacy. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bone regeneration implants with a focus on topographical modifications, encompassing design principles, underlying biological mechanisms, and therapeutic applications. Particular attention is given to the influence of implant surface topography on the biological behaviors of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and macrophages within the bone microenvironment, as well as their responses under complex pathological and physiological conditions. The review also discusses current challenges related to achieving micro/nanoscale structural balance, personalization, and clinical translation of implant surface topographies, and highlights future directions in precision bone regeneration through multidisciplinary approaches, artificial intelligence-driven optimization, and long-term clinical validation. Collectively, these insights may inform future research on bone implant materials and support the development of novel strategies for personalized treatment of bone defect repair.