This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for the design of a controllable electric vehicle charger capable of making the most of the interaction with an autonomous smart energy management system (EMS) in a residential setting. Autonomous EMSs aim achieving the potential benefits associated with energy exchanges between consumers and the grid, using bidirectional and power-controllable electric vehicle chargers. A suitable design for a controllable charger is presented, including the sizing of passive elements and controllers. This charger has been implemented using an experimental setup with a digital signal processor to validate its operation. The experimental results obtained foresee an adequate interaction between the proposed charger and a compatible autonomous EMS in a typical residential setting.

This paper presents an energy management architecture for small urban electric vehicles based on hybrid energy sources and its real-time implementation. The energy management strategy uses an integrated rule-based metaheuristic approach to obtain solutions for sharing energy and power between two sources with different characteristics, namely, one with high specific energy and another with high specific power. A comprehensive real-time architecture for the energy management system is presented considering different management levels. The proposed approach determines an optimized real-time energy sharing between the sources without prior knowledge of the power demand profile. The multilevel energy management strategy has been validated using power-level reduced-scale hardware-in-the-loop simulations for a normalized urban driving cycle. The experimental results show the effectiveness of a real-time implementation based on particle swarm optimization supported by a set of rules restricting the search space. This strategy is effective in controlling the energy sources to work in their higher efficiency region and in satisfying the dynamic performance of the vehicle.

This paper presents a novel energy management strategy for a hybridized power source small urban electric vehicle (EV). First, an analysis of load requirements for typical urban driving cycles is presented. Thereafter, the energy and power management issues are addressed for a multisource EV to define an improved management architecture. A dynamically restricted search space strategy coupled with a simulated annealing technique is exploited to accomplish the global optimization of the energy management system (EMS). The control of the dc/dc converter operations based on this EMS is also presented. The multiple sources have been simulated using an overall model implemented in Matlab/Simulink. A reduced-scale prototype has been built to analyze the performance of the energy management strategy. The results obtained show that energy management has been enhanced leading to an increase of the vehicle performance with reduced size embarked sources.

This study presents the multiple energy storage elements usability for ships using a passive hybrid topology. The considered hybridisation is based on a passive parallel topology connecting NiMH batteries and SuperCapacitors to a DC power distribution by a bidirectional DC/DC converter. The overall propulsion architecture is a hybrid series system where an engine–generator group is the main energy source and the multiple energy storage system (ESS) answer the intermittent power demanded by the on‐board loads. First, the multiple ESS is sized using voltages, storage elements’ characteristics, and typical power demand profile. Thereafter, a control scheme of this hybridisation is deduced through a cascade of current and voltage linear controllers. The energy management strategy based on the stability of the DC power distribution voltage and the inherent storage elements’ characteristics is fully addressed in order to reduce weight and space on‐board, fuel consumption, pollution, and optimise the global efficiency. Experimental results show that the engine–generator fulfil a constant power, meanwhile the multiple ESS stabilises the DC‐link voltage with unknown power demand profile. The effectiveness of the proposed passive hybrid topology with reduced control layer complexity based on the DC‐link voltage stabilisation as an energy management strategy is validated.