Computer-aided diagnosis permits biopsy specimen analysis by creating quantitative images of brain diseases which enable the pathologists to examine the data properly. It has been observed from other image classification algorithms that the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) demonstrates superior performance in terms of computational efforts. In this study, to classify the brain Magnetic Resonance Images as either normal or diseased, a hybridized Salp Swarm Algorithm-based ELM (ELM-SSA) is proposed. The SSA is employed to optimize the parameters associated with ELM model, whereas the Discrete Wavelet Transformation and Principal Component Analysis have been used for the feature extraction and reduction, respectively. The performance of the proposed “ELM-SSA” is evaluated through simulation study and compared with the standard classifiers such as Back-Propagation Neural Network, Functional Link Artificial Neural Network, and Radial Basis Function Network. All experimental validations have been carried out using two different brain disease datasets: Alzheimer’s and Hemorrhage. The simulation results demonstrate that the “ELM-SSA” is potentially superior to other hybrid methods in terms of ROC, AUC, and accuracy. To achieve better performance, reduce randomness, and overfitting, each algorithm has been run multiple times and a k-fold stratified cross-validation strategy has been used.

In the Forex market, trend trading, where trend traders identify trends and attempt to capture gains through the analysis of an asset’s momentum in a particular direction, is a great way to profit from market movement. When the price of currency is moving in one either of the direction such as; up or down, it is known as trends. This trend analysis helps traders and investors find low risk entry points or exit points until the trend reverses. In this paper, empirical trade and trend analysis results are suggested by two-phase experimentations. First, considering the blended learning paradigm and wide use of deep-learning methodologies, the variants of long-short-term-memory (LSTM) networks such as Vanilla-LSTM, Stacked-LSTM, Bidirectional-LSTM, CNN-LSTM, and Conv-LSTM are used to build effective investing trading systems for both short-term and long-term timeframes. Then, a deep network-based system used to obtain the trends (up trends and down trends) of the predicted closing price of the currency pairs is proposed based on the best fit predictive networks measured using a few performance measures and Friedman’s non-parametric tests. The observed trends are compared and validated with a few readily available technical indicators such as average directional index (ADX), rate of change (ROC), momentum, commodity channel index (CCI), and moving average convergence divergence (MACD). The predictive ability of the proposed strategy for trend analysis can be summarized as follows: (a) with respect to the previous day for short-term predictions, AUD:INR achieves 99.7265% and GBP:INR achieves 99.6582% for long-term predictions; (b) considering the trend analysis strategy with respect to the determinant day, AUD:INR achieves 98.2906% for short-term predictive days and USD:INR achieves an accuracy of trend forecasting with 96.0342%. The significant outcome of this article is the proposed trend forecasting methodology. An attempt has been made to provide an environment to understand the average, maximum, and minimum unit up and/or downs observed during trend forecasting. In turn, this deep learning-based strategy will help investors and traders to comprehend the entry and exit points of this financial market.

Crude oil market analysis has become one of the emerging financial markets and the volatility effect of the market is paramount and has been considered as an issue of utmost importance. This study examines the dynamics of this volatile market of crude oil by employing a hybrid approach based on an extreme learning machine (ELM) as a regressor and the improved grey wolf optimizer (IGWO) for prophesying the crude oil rate for West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent crude oil datasets. The datasets are augmented using technical indicators (TIs) and statistical measures (SMs) to obtain better insight into the forecasting ability of this proposed model. The differential evolution (DE) strategy has been used for evolution and the survival of the fittest (SOF) principle has been used for elimination while implementing the GWO to achieve better convergence rate and accuracy. Whereas, the algorithmic simplicity, use of less parameters, and easy implementation of DE efficiently decide the evolutionary patterns of wolves in GWO and the SOF principle updates the wolf pack based on the fitness value of each wolf, thereby ensuring the algorithm does not fall into local optimum. Furthermore, the comparison and analysis of the proposed model with other models, such as ELM–DE, ELM–Particle Swarm Optimization (ELM–PSO), and ELM–GWO shows that the predictability evidence obtained substantially achieves better performance for ELM–IGWO with respect to faster error convergence rate and mean square error (MSE) during training and testing phases. The sensitivity study of the proposed ELM–IGWO provides better results in terms of the performance measures, such as Theil’s U, mean absolute error (MAE), average relative variance (ARV), mean average percentage error (MAPE), and minimal computational time.