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Ecosystems and biodiversity provide many critical life support functions including clean water, food, climate regulation, and recreational services. Despite its significant values biodiversity in Pakistan is being lost at a significant rate particularly due to agriculture intensification. The intensive agriculture system leading to serious environmental damages including biodiversity loss, water pollution, soil degradation, disruption of carbon sink and increase in GHG emissions. There is a growing recognition of promoting Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) strategies in smallholder agriculture; however, there is limited information about the existing EbA strategies by smallholder farmers and factors that influence the adoption of these practices. This article addresses research gap by using a survey data of 360 households from three districts of Pakistan. We explored existing EbA practices used by farmers and factors associated with the use of these practices. The list of ecosystem-based adaptation practices (EbA) was created on the basis of literature review and with the assistance of expert opinions. This study identified a number of risks associated with ecosystem degradation as perceived by smallholder farmers such as salinization, water pollution, soil erosion and decline in crop productivity. Due to overexploitation of underground water and extensive use of external inputs for agriculture use, the majority of farmers reported decline in water quality and depth of the underground water table. We used a double hurdle model for adoption and intensity of adaptation practices. The results show that farmers’ social capital and institutional access increase the probability and intensity of adoption of EbA practices. The study suggests that a majority of smallholder farmers in Pakistan are already using certain EbA strategies, but there is still scope for larger implementation. Institutional policies and non-government organizations (NGOs) can increase broader use of EbA strategies by facilitating farmers’ access to subsidized tree nurseries, farmer-to-farmer information and promoting EbA policies in different socioeconomic and agro-ecological context.
Syed Irshad Ali Shah; Jiehong Zhou; Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) practices in smallholder agriculture; emerging evidence from rural Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 218, 673 -684.
AMA StyleSyed Irshad Ali Shah, Jiehong Zhou, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) practices in smallholder agriculture; emerging evidence from rural Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 218 ():673-684.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyed Irshad Ali Shah; Jiehong Zhou; Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. 2019. "Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) practices in smallholder agriculture; emerging evidence from rural Pakistan." Journal of Cleaner Production 218, no. : 673-684.
Leadership style is an important factor that affects the enhancement of organizational performance and employee’s job performance, and what objectives they should pursue, which also makes a profit for their employees or makes another social and economic contribution to society. The present study was developed to observe the impact of transformational leadership on job performance and to investigate the mediating mechanism of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Primary data were collected from the employees by using a cross-sectional design method. Employees who participated in the study are working in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of Pakistan. A total of 300 questionnaires were circulated, and 130 were received. The Regression analysis was executed to examine whether CSR mediated the correlation among transformational leadership and job performance. The results of the study suggest that transformational leadership positively and completely predicts job performance. Particularly, the study finds that CSR significantly mediated the effect of transformational leadership on job performance. On the basis of these findings, it can be explicated that transformational leadership, job performances, and CSR are important elements of an organization. These elements can improve organizational performance. Theoretical implications of the recent study are discussed, and offer directions for future research in the area.
Faiza Manzoor; Longbao Wei; Mohammad Nurunnabi; Qazi Abdul Subhan; Syed Irshad Ali Shah; Samaher Fallatah. The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance and CSR as Mediator in SMEs. Sustainability 2019, 11, 436 .
AMA StyleFaiza Manzoor, Longbao Wei, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Qazi Abdul Subhan, Syed Irshad Ali Shah, Samaher Fallatah. The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance and CSR as Mediator in SMEs. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (2):436.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaiza Manzoor; Longbao Wei; Mohammad Nurunnabi; Qazi Abdul Subhan; Syed Irshad Ali Shah; Samaher Fallatah. 2019. "The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance and CSR as Mediator in SMEs." Sustainability 11, no. 2: 436.
Faiza Manzoor; Longbao Wei; Abdul Latif; Syed Irshad Ali Shah. A review on one belt one road-China Pakistan economic corridor and its policy implications. Proceedings of the Second International Conference On Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2017) 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleFaiza Manzoor, Longbao Wei, Abdul Latif, Syed Irshad Ali Shah. A review on one belt one road-China Pakistan economic corridor and its policy implications. Proceedings of the Second International Conference On Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2017). 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaiza Manzoor; Longbao Wei; Abdul Latif; Syed Irshad Ali Shah. 2017. "A review on one belt one road-China Pakistan economic corridor and its policy implications." Proceedings of the Second International Conference On Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2017) , no. : 1.