DC-DC converters are extensively used in the modern telecommunication and consumer electronics. Design of such converters is a challenge for electrical engineers due to the user requirements and the inherent non linear nature. When the required output does not follow the set-point, a controller is to be used with objective of keeping the error as minimum. For a DC-DC converter, the input and load variations are major reasons which alter the proper functioning. The controller for such DC-DC converter is a circuit or an algorithm which changes the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) waveform by adjusting the ON-OFF timings thereby keeping the output at the desired value. Quick settling time and rise time to the desired output along with high efficiency, required phase margin, loop bandwidth are the main constraints on the controller. Design of such controller is the main purpose of this research paper. Two types of controllers are designed namely PID controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). PID controller is tuned using Internal Model Control (IMC) method and Ziegler Nicholas (ZN) method. FLC with optimum number of rules is designed. The above controllers are compared and it is found that FLC gives the minimum settling time of 1.9ms, overshoot percentage of 13.78 and rise time of 0.654ms. The output variations due to line voltage and load changes are also found to be minimum with FLC

A closed loop control system based on optimal control by Linear Quadratic Regulator whose weighting matrices obtained by deterministic approach for dc-dc Buck converter is presented. State Space Averaged model of the Buck converter and LQR controller with weighting matrices determined by the desired location of poles are studied. The performance of such controller is compared with PID, Fuzzy Tuned PID, Sliding Mode and Error Compensation controllersin terms of transient and steady state responses along with load and line disturbances. In this paper systematic procedures are used for developing all the above controllers which make the system robust against load and line disturbances. The hardware results validate the simulated response and forcing out the merits over the other existing control methods. The methodology generates a fresh dimension for the case of such converter in practical applications.

Single Inductor (SI) converters with the advantage of using one inductor for any number of inputs/outputs find wide applications in portable electronic gadgets and electrical vehicles. SI converters can be used in Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) configurations but they need controllers to achieve good transient and steady state responses, to improve the stability against load and line disturbances and to reduce cross regulation. Cross regulation is the change in an output voltage due to change in the load current at another output and it is an added constraint in SI converters. In this paper, Single Input Dual Output (SIDO) and Dual Input Dual Output (DIDO) converters with applications capable of handling high load current working in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) of operation are taken under study. Conventional multivariable PID and optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controllers are developed and their performances are compared for the above configurations to meet the desired objectives. Generalized mathematical models for SIMO and MIMO are developed and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to find the parameters of a multivariable PID controller and the weighting matrices of optimal LQR where the objective function includes cross regulation as a constraint. The simulated responses reveal that LQR controller performs well for both the systems over multivariable PID controller and they are validated by hardware prototype model with the help of DT9834^® Data Acquisition Module (DAQ). The methodologies used here generate a fresh dimension for the case of such converters in practical applications.

This paper presents a three‐port DC–DC converter along with a high‐gain converter that incorporates a photovoltaic (PV), a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), and a DC link capacitor to formulate a stable standalone supply unit for electric vehicle (EV) charging application. The HESS consists of a battery and a supercapacitor which efficiently manages sudden load changes and variations in PV output. The developed system reduces the size of storage components, extends battery life, and allows the supercapacitor to handle rapid fluctuations. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy is utilized to regulate the DC link voltage and enhance voltage boosting capabilities and effective power management between the battery and supercapacitor. The transfer function models of a three‐port DC–DC converter integrated with PV and HESS are developed from the small signal model to tune the proportional–integral (PI) controller using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. On the other hand, a positive output voltage super‐lift Luo converter along with PI controller is incorporated to regulate the required voltage level for charging an EV battery. The developed system is analyzed, and the controller’s performance is validated using MATLAB/Simulink in both transient and steady‐state conditions. The combined control strategies effectively regulate the DC link voltage against PV irradiation and also load current variations which enhances overall system efficiency.

The demand for electricity is rapidly growing and renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and tidal energy can compensate the demand to a substantial level. Among these, solar energy is abundant, scalable and is cheaper. The generated energy can be used in an efficient way if the DC output is directly supplied to the load instead of converting it to AC. Every electrical system is capable of operating in DC and, for example, energy efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights have become popular as they provides more lumens with less power consumption and also can be directly operated from DC. LED lighting system in large commercial buildings has irradiance levels which vary sigificantly during operation. Extracting maximum power from the energy system and maintaining constant voltage output at different loads is another challenge. This paper proposes a solar Photo Voltaic (PV)-based energy system including Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for supplying LED lamps to a commercial building through a modified high gain Luo converter. The Perturb and Observe control algorithm has been used for maximum power extraction from a PV cell whereas PI (Proportional Integral) controllers maintain constant output voltage from PV–BESS against different irradiance levels. To supply the desired voltages to the LED lighting system, a modified high gain Luo converter is designed. To make the output voltage constant at different load currents, PI and Sliding Mode Controllers (SMC) are designed with the help of the state-space average model. It is found that the sliding mode controller outperforms the PI controller in terms of behavior in the transient period and tracking capability. The system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink^®. The Sliding Mode Controller has a 95% less transient period and is 75% faster in tracking capability when compared to other controllers. The system could be incorporated with the PV source to obtain green energy.