Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) combined with various sensors brings the benefits associated with fast, automatic, and contactless spatial data collection with high resolution and accuracy. The most frequent application is the possibility of effectively creating spatial models based on photogrammetric and lidar data. This review analyzes the current possibilities of UAVs. It provides an overview of the current state of the art and research on selected parameters regarding their history and development, classification, regulation, and application in surveying with creating spatial models. Classification and regulation are based on national sources. The importance and usability of this review are also carried out by analyzing the UAV application with selected photogrammetric and lidar sensors. The study explores and discusses results achieved by many authors in recent years, synthesizing essential facts. By analyzing the network of co-occurring High-Frequency Words, in addition, we visualized the importance of the primary keyword UAV in the context of other keywords in the literary sources processed.

The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emissions, changes in land use, such as urbanization aural areasnd agriculture. The urban environment has distinctive bioclimatical factors in relation to rural areas. The process of urbanization alters natural surface and atmospheric conditions. Urban areas are characteristic by increased rainwater surface runoff, increased temperatures and decreased evaporation. Exactly evaporation warms the rural surface more than the urban. The paper concerns on the impacts of urbanization that are evaluated by observations in cities with those in rural areas – not so populated and with smaller built areas. We use and asses the difference between trends in monthly average temperatures and trends in monthly precipitations in the cities and the corresponding trends in rural areas. For the trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test is used. Our results show differences in trends in villages and cities. Observed are increased trends in temperature and decreased trends in precipitation due to urban and land-use changes

The purpose of this paper is to develop a fuzzy model of the risk assessment for environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector at the stage of business expansion. The model developed for the following software will be a useful tool for the risk decision support system of investment funds in financing environmental start-up projects at the stage of market conquest. Developing a quantitative risk assessment for environmental start-up projects for the air transport sector will increase the resilience of making risk decisions about their financing by the investors. In this paper, a set of 21 criteria for assessing the risk of launching environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector were formulated for the first time by presenting inputs in the form of a linguistic risk assessment and the number of credible expert considerations. The fuzzy risk assessment model, based on expert knowledge, uses linguistic variables, reveals the uncertainty of the input data, and displays a risk assessment with linguistic interpretation. The result of the paper is a fuzzy model that is embedded in a generalized algorithm and tested in an example risk assessment of environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector.

The objective of this paper was to analyze the temporal and spatial trends in annual and seasonal precipitation in Slovakia utilizing 487 gauging station data collected statewide in the period from 1981 to 2013. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall (MK) statistical test, which has been widely used to assess the significance of trends in hydrological time series, was applied to detect the significant trends. The Theil–Sen (TS) approach was applied to quantify the trend magnitude, and the Sequential Mann–Kendall (SQMK) test was used to detect abrupt temporal trend shifts. In general, precipitation data in the study area have not changed during the last 33 years, and there are no big gaps. However, predominantly increasing trends in precipitation time series were found at most of the gauging stations in Slovakia. The results corroborate previous climatic studies in the area of central Europe. In Slovakia, there is evidence of different rain distribution from the monthly point of view. Decreasing trends were detected in December in the northern part of Slovakia, while the central and southern parts revealed increasing trends. Most of the stations showed increasing summer precipitation trends, especially in July. It is expected that the findings of this comprehensive study of precipitation trends over Slovakia will produce more insights for the understanding of the regional hydrological behavior in Slovakia over the last several decades.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an applied fuzzy model of information technology to obtain quantitative estimates of environmental start-up projects in air transport. The developed model will become a useful tool for venture funds, business angels, or crowdfunding platforms for the development of innovative air transport businesses. Obtaining a quantitative estimate of the environmental start-up projects will increase the sustainability of the decision making on the security of financing of such projects by investors. This article develops a fuzzy evaluation model of project start-ups in air transport as an application of our neuro-fuzzy model in a specific air transport environment. The applied model provides output ranking of start-up project teams in air transport based on a four-layer neuro-fuzzy network. The presented model declares the possibilities of the application to solve these economic problems and offers the space for subsequent research focused on its usability in several areas of start-up development, in sectors and processes differentiated. The benefits are also visible for several types of policies, with an emphasis on decision-making processes in regulatory mechanisms to support the state funding in Slovakia, the EU etc.