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Purpose This study modified, revised and validated a travel safety attitude scale (TSAS) using data collected from Canadian residents with out-of-country travel experiences. Design/methodology/approach The authors proposed a higher component model (HCM) of TSAS, using a reflective-formative measurement model. In consultation with eight experts, a set of purified TSAS items was revised by checking wording and content. A questionnaire was administered to 531 participants using Amazon Mechanical Turk. The scale was validated with the partial least squares method of structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), and the analysis was performed using SmartPLS 3.0. Findings The final results suggested a five-factor solution with 27 items, with a satisfactory level of reliability and validity at the first-order (reflective) and second-order (formative) constructs. The predictive validity result showed that TSAS is negatively related to tourist risk-taking intention. Research limitations/implications TSAS advanced research on travel safety attitudes and demonstrated the feasibility of using PLS-SEM in examining the Type II model. Future studies can focus on replicating the study in other countries, adding more variables for predictive validity tests and examining the interrelationship with affective attitudes. Practical implications The authors suggested a more proactive approach to assess tourist safety attitudes based on travel safety information (TSI), health concern (HC), vulnerability to crime (VTC), personal safety (PES) and police safety (PS), listed in descending order of importance. Originality/value The study results provide directions for destination marketing organizations to allocate resources to maintain a positive travel safety attitude from potential and current tourists.
Zhijun Wan; Shuyue Huang; HwanSuk Chris Choi. Modification and validation of the travel safety attitude scale (TSAS) in international tourism: a reflective-formative approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .
AMA StyleZhijun Wan, Shuyue Huang, HwanSuk Chris Choi. Modification and validation of the travel safety attitude scale (TSAS) in international tourism: a reflective-formative approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhijun Wan; Shuyue Huang; HwanSuk Chris Choi. 2021. "Modification and validation of the travel safety attitude scale (TSAS) in international tourism: a reflective-formative approach." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.
HwanSuk Chris Choi; Shuyue Huang; Hyeyoon Choi; Howook (Sean) Chang. The effect of flight attendants' physical attractiveness on satisfaction, positive emotion, perceived value, and behavioral intention. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 2020, 44, 19 -29.
AMA StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi, Shuyue Huang, Hyeyoon Choi, Howook (Sean) Chang. The effect of flight attendants' physical attractiveness on satisfaction, positive emotion, perceived value, and behavioral intention. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 2020; 44 ():19-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi; Shuyue Huang; Hyeyoon Choi; Howook (Sean) Chang. 2020. "The effect of flight attendants' physical attractiveness on satisfaction, positive emotion, perceived value, and behavioral intention." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 44, no. : 19-29.
Destinations have offered diverse gamified trips in the last 10 years. However, there is a lack of understanding on what motivates visitors to participate in such a trip. As one of the first attempts to examine visitors' motivations for taking a gamified trip, this paper conceptualizes and categorizes gamified trips, explores reasons for liking or disliking them, proposes 34 travel motivations, and categorizes players of these trips into six types, including knowledge collectors, reward seekers, explorers, curiosity seekers, sensation seekers, and flow experiencers. The research sheds light upon this emerging phenomenon and provides implications on how to design appealing gamified trips for different market segments. Additionally, this paper expands the use of Q methodology to travel motivation research. The framework of conducting a Q methodology lays a foundation for future studies.
Ye (Sandy) Shen; HwanSuk Chris Choi; Marion Joppe; Sunghwan Yi. What motivates visitors to participate in a gamified trip? A player typology using Q methodology. Tourism Management 2020, 78, 104074 .
AMA StyleYe (Sandy) Shen, HwanSuk Chris Choi, Marion Joppe, Sunghwan Yi. What motivates visitors to participate in a gamified trip? A player typology using Q methodology. Tourism Management. 2020; 78 ():104074.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe (Sandy) Shen; HwanSuk Chris Choi; Marion Joppe; Sunghwan Yi. 2020. "What motivates visitors to participate in a gamified trip? A player typology using Q methodology." Tourism Management 78, no. : 104074.
Behavioral studies of medical tourists are still limited despite a recent and rapid boom in both the business and academic fields. In 2011, Martin, Ramamonjiarivelo, and Martin proposed their MEDTOUR scale to better understand medical tourists' intention to seek treatment overseas. However, the scale has not been validated through application in a different context to date. The present study aims to fill this gap by examining its reliability and applying it in an extended model with perceived risk and perceived benefit. Based on the results of the data collected from Chinese adults, the MEDTOUR scale achieved an acceptable level of factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity. Support was confirmed for all hypotheses with a relatively weak relation between perceived risk and attitude, as well as perceived behavioral control and behavior intention. This study's findings fully support the prediction of behavior intention to travel to a foreign country for medical treatment and provides some useful findings to help medical tourism marketers and hospitals in developing their strategies.
Lena Jingen Liang; HwanSuk Chris Choi; Marion Joppe; Woojin Lee. Examining medical tourists' intention to visit a tourist destination: Application of an extended MEDTOUR scale in a cosmetic tourism context. International Journal of Tourism Research 2019, 21, 772 -784.
AMA StyleLena Jingen Liang, HwanSuk Chris Choi, Marion Joppe, Woojin Lee. Examining medical tourists' intention to visit a tourist destination: Application of an extended MEDTOUR scale in a cosmetic tourism context. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2019; 21 (6):772-784.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLena Jingen Liang; HwanSuk Chris Choi; Marion Joppe; Woojin Lee. 2019. "Examining medical tourists' intention to visit a tourist destination: Application of an extended MEDTOUR scale in a cosmetic tourism context." International Journal of Tourism Research 21, no. 6: 772-784.
HwanSuk Chris Choi. Sustainable tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2016, 916 -917.
AMA StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi. Sustainable tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2016; ():916-917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi. 2016. "Sustainable tourism." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 916-917.
HwanSuk Chris Choi. Medical tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2016, 602 -603.
AMA StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi. Medical tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2016; ():602-603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi. 2016. "Medical tourism." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 602-603.
Medical tourism goes by many names, depending on field: curative, health, wellness, and healthcare tourism. Each field (health professionals, tourism officials, economists, government statisticians, health service suppliers, hospitality service providers) has its preferred term. The healthcare sector prefers medical travel, but the tourism industry and its marketers favor medical tourism, and healthcare professionals do argue that tourism generally implies leisure, and thus “travel” should be preferred to “tourism” (Whittaker 2008). Over the past three decades, however, tourism has evolved into more than merely a pleasure activity, converging with other sectors into specialty tourism (business, meetings, or convention tourism). The common characteristics of the definition of medical tourism, as published in technical reports and academic journals, show that it would be better defined as demand driven rather than supply driven. In this sense, as a subset of health tourism, medical touris ...
HwanSuk Chris Choi. Medical tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2015, 1 -3.
AMA StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi. Medical tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2015; ():1-3.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi. 2015. "Medical tourism." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 1-3.
H.S. Chris Choi; Joan Flaherty. A portrait of Stephen L.J. Smith. Anatolia 2013, 25, 155 -160.
AMA StyleH.S. Chris Choi, Joan Flaherty. A portrait of Stephen L.J. Smith. Anatolia. 2013; 25 (1):155-160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH.S. Chris Choi; Joan Flaherty. 2013. "A portrait of Stephen L.J. Smith." Anatolia 25, no. 1: 155-160.
The purpose of this study is to develop indicators to measure community tourism development within a sustainable framework. In order to develop such objective indicators, this study employed a modified Delphi technique . A panel of 38 academic researchers in tourism provided input into developing the indicators. After three rounds of discussion, the panel members reached consensus on the following set of 125 indicators: political (32), social (28), ecological (25), economic (24), technological (3), and cultural dimensions (13) for community tourism development (Table 7.1). This set of sustainable tourism indicators can serve as a starting point for devising a set of indicators at the local and regional level.
HwanSuk Chris Choi; Ercan Sirakaya Turk. Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism. Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research 2010, 115 -140.
AMA StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi, Ercan Sirakaya Turk. Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism. Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research. 2010; ():115-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi; Ercan Sirakaya Turk. 2010. "Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism." Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research , no. : 115-140.
The purpose of this study is to develop indicators to measure community tourism development (CTD) within a sustainable framework. In order to develop such objective indicators, this study employed a modified Delphi technique. A panel of 38 academic researchers in tourism provided input into developing the indicators. After three rounds of discussion, the panel members reached consensus on the following set of 125 indicators: political (32), social (28), ecological (25), economic (24), technological (3), and cultural dimensions (13) for CTD. This set of sustainable tourism indicators can serve as a starting-point for devising a set of indicators at the local and regional level. Further study shall develop a set of sustainable indicators relying on communities’ distinctive characteristics and employing indicator experts from the social and physical sciences and from all stakeholder groups, including residents of the host community, industry experts, government planners, policy-makers and non-governmental organizations [United Nations (2001). Managing sustainable tourism development: ESCAP tourism review, No. 22. New York, NY: UN].
HwanSuk Chris Choi; Ercan Sirakaya. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management 2006, 27, 1274 -1289.
AMA StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi, Ercan Sirakaya. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management. 2006; 27 (6):1274-1289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwanSuk Chris Choi; Ercan Sirakaya. 2006. "Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism." Tourism Management 27, no. 6: 1274-1289.