We investigated the associations of different sedentary behaviors (SB) with gray matter volume and we tested whether SB related to gray matter volume is associated with intelligence. Methods: 99 children with overweight or obesity aged 8–11 years participated in this cross-sectional study. SB was measured using the Youth Activity Profile-Spain questionnaire. T1-weighted images were acquired with a 3.0 T Magnetom Tim Trio system. Intelligence was assessed with the Kaufman Brief Test. Whole-brain voxel-wise multiple regression models were used to test the associations of each SB with gray matter volume. Results: Watching TV was associated with lower gray matter volume in six brain regions (β ranging −0.314 to −0.489 and cluster size 106 to 323 voxels; p < 0.001), playing video games in three brain regions (β ranging −0.391 to −0.359, and cluster size 96 to 461 voxels; p < 0.001) and total sedentary time in two brain regions (β ranging −0.341 to −0.352, and cluster size 897 to 2455 voxels; p < 0.001). No brain regions showed a significant positive association (all p > 0.05). Two brain regions were related, or borderline related, to intelligence. Conclusions: SB could have the potential to negatively influence brain structure and, in turn, intelligence in children with overweight/obesity.

Background: Education and health are crucial topics for public policies as both largely determine the future wellbeing of the society. Currently, several studies recognize that physical activity (PA) benefits brain health in children. However, most of these studies have not been carried out in developing countries or lack the transference into the education field. The Cogni-Action Project is divided into two stages, a cross-sectional study and a crossover-randomized trial. The aim of the first part is to establish the associations of PA, sedentarism, and physical fitness with brain structure and function, cognitive performance and academic achievement in Chilean schoolchildren (10–14 years-old). The aim of the second part is to determinate the acute effects of three PA protocols on neuroelectric indices during a working memory and a reading task. Methods: PA and sedentarism will be self-reported and objectively-assessed with accelerometers in a representative subsample, whilst physical fitness will be evaluated through the ALPHA fitness test battery. Brain structure and function will be assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a randomized subsample. Cognitive performance will be assessed through the NeuroCognitive Performance Test, and academic achievement by school grades. In the second part 32 adolescents (12–13 year-old) will be cross-over randomized to these condition (i) “Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training” (MICT), (ii) “Cooperative High-Intensity Interval Training” (C-HIIT), and (iii) Sedentary condition. Neuroelectric indices will be measures by electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye-tracking, working memory by n-back task and reading comprehension by a reading task. Discussion: The main strength of this project is that, to our knowledge, this is the first study analysing the potential association of PA, sedentarism, and physical fitness on brain structure and function, cognitive performance, and academic achievement in a developing country, which presents an important sociocultural gap. For this purpose, this project will use advanced technologies in neuroimaging (MRI), electrophysiology (EEG), and eye-tracking, as well as objective and quality measurements of several physical and cognitive health outcomes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03894241 Date of register: March 28, 2019. Retrospectively Registered.

The aim was to investigate the associations between different physical activity (PA) patterns and sedentary time (ST) with vitamin D deficiency (<12 ng/mL) in a large sample of Chilean women. In this cross-sectional study, the final sample included 1245 adult and 686 older women. The PA levels, mode of commuting, ST, and leisure-time PA were self-reported. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as <12 ng/mL and insufficiency as <20 ng/mL. A higher ST was associated with vitamin D deficiency (odds ratio (OR): 2.4, 95%: 1.6–4.3) in adults, and passive commuting was associated with vitamin D deficiency in older (OR: 1.7, 95%: 1.1–2.7). Additionally, we found a joint association in the high ST/passive commuting group in adults (OR: 2.8, 95%: 1.6–4.9) and older (OR: 2.8, 95%: 1.5–5.2) with vitamin D deficiency, in respect to low ST/active commuting. The PA levels and leisure-time PA were not associated with vitamin D deficiency. In conclusion, mode of commuting and ST seems important variables related to vitamin D deficiency. Promoting a healthy lifestyle appears important also for vitamin D levels in adult and older women. Further studies are needed to establish causality of this association and the effect of vitamin D deficiency in different diseases in this population.

En el presente estudio se utilizó una metodología cualitativa fenomenológica y tuvo como objetivo analizar la reflexión profesional narrada por un grupo de estudiantes de Educación Física posterior al desarrollo de una propuesta de innovación educativa basada en el aprendizaje basado en proyectos (ABP) y la gamificación educativa. Participaron 30 estudiantes de Educación Física chilenos con edades entre 22 y 24 años, de los cuales 8 eran mujeres y 22 eran hombres, con el total de estudiantes se conformaron 7 grupos de trabajo. Los grupos desarrollaron rutas de desplazamiento activo donde monitorizaron la intensidad de las rutas con dispositivos móviles como el Apple Watch®, Smartwatch® y celulares, se desarrollaron infografías con PREZI®, POWERPOINT® y CANVA®, para el desarrollo de las propuestas de gamificación se utilizó la aplicación KAHOOT®. Los resultados de la reflexión fueron analizados con el software ATLASti®. En total se desarrollaron siete rutas activas, 16 infografías y seis propuestas de gamificación para el aprendizaje. Los resultados derivados de las reflexiones individuales arrojaron que los estudiantes obtuvieron un aprendizaje reflexivo profundo en el uso integrado de las estrategias ya que permitieron profundizar en las áreas del Enfoque Educativo y Metodológico, Formación Docente, Contexto y Ambiente. Se concluye que la sinergia entre el aprendizaje basado en proyectos (ABP) y la gamificación permiten desarrollar el aprendizaje profundo y ofrece un panorama prometedor para la mejora educativa favoreciendo el aprendizaje y adquisición de competencias en los futuros profesores de Educación Física, estas estrategias permiten generar innovaciones educativas en un contexto educacional real. Palabras clave: Centro de enseñanza; aprendizaje; innovación pedagógica; método de enseñanza The present study used a qualitative phenomenological methodology and its objective was to analyze the professional reflection narrated by a group of Physical Education students after the development of an educational innovation proposal based on project-based learning (PBL) and educational gamification. Thirty Chilean Physical Education students between the ages of 22 and 24 years old participated, of which 8 were women and 22 were men; 7 work groups were formed with the total number of students. The groups developed active displacement routes where they monitored the intensity of the routes with mobile devices such as Apple Watch®, Smartwatch® and cell phones, infographics were developed with PREZI®, POWERPOINT® and CANVA®, for the development of the gamification proposals the KAHOOT® application was used. The results of the reflection were analyzed with ATLASti® software. In total, seven active routes, 16 infographics and six gamification proposals for learning were developed. The results derived from the individual reflections showed that the students obtained a deep reflective learning in the integrated use of the strategies since they allowed deepening in the areas of Educational and Methodological Approach, Teacher Training, Context and Environment. It is concluded that the synergy between project-based learning (PBL) and gamification allows the development of deep learning and offers a promising outlook for educational improvement favoring learning and acquisition of competencies in future Physical Education teachers, these strategies allow the generation of educational innovations in a real educational context. Keywords: Teaching center; learning; pedagogical innovation; teaching method; teaching methods

Resumen. La inclusión del alumnado con discapacidad en las escuelas regulares ha aumentado en las últimas décadas, evidenciando la importancia de la preparación de todo el profesorado. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron (I) Analizar el nivel de autoeficacia percibida del profesorado con respecto a la inclusión del alumnado con discapacidad en clases de Educación Física (EF) y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y experiencia docente; (II) Explorar los factores que puedan influir en su nivel de autoeficacia. Se utilizó una metodología mixta secuencial; con una primera fase cuantitativa descriptiva y de asociación, y una segunda fase cualitativa fenomenológica. Primera fase se aplicó un cuestionario de autoeficacia percibida a 138 profesionales de la EF que trabajan en colegios de Chile. Segunda fase se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada en 16 profesionales de la EF con experiencia en el trabajo con alumnado con discapacidad en clases de EF. Los resultados muestran mayores niveles de autoeficacia en el profesorado que trabaja con estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual, en comparación, con la discapacidad física o sensorial y que la experiencia profesional en inclusión está asociada a mayor nivel de autoeficacia. El principal factor facilitador para la inclusión en clases de EF fue el trabajo colaborativo interprofesional y el principal factor obstaculizador, fue la falta de involucramiento del mismo profesorado en el contexto de discapacidad. En conclusión, se destaca la importancia de las experiencias previas en inclusión, la necesidad de una formación inicial docente con enfoque inclusivo del alumnado con discapacidad y mantener una formación continua. Palabras clave: educación física, discapacidad, educación inclusiva, profesorado. The inclusion of students with disabilities in regular schools has increased in recent decades, evidencing the importance of preparing all teachers. The objectives of this research were (I) To analyze the perceived self-efficacy level of teachers regarding the inclusion of students with disabilities in Physical Education (PE) classes and its relationship with sociodemographic and teaching experience variables; (II) To explore factors that may influence their self-efficacy level. We employed a sequential mixed-methods approach, comprising a quantitative descriptive and associative first phase and a qualitative phenomenological second phase. In the first phase, a self-efficacy questionnaire was administered to 138 PE professionals working in Chilean schools. In the second phase, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 16 PE professionals experienced in working with students with disabilities in PE classes. The results reveal higher self-efficacy levels in teachers working with students with intellectual disabilities compared to those with physical or sensory disabilities. Professional Experience in inclusive education is associated with elevated self-efficacy. Interprofessional collaboration emerges as a key facilitator for inclusion in PE classes, while a lack of involvement among teaching staff in the context of disability poses a significant obstacle. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of prior inclusion experiences, the necessity for initial teacher training with an inclusive focus on students with disabilities, and the importance of ongoing professional development. Keywords: Physical Education, Disability, Inclusive Education, Teacher

Background: the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a single nutritional preventive session previous to a critical period linked to fat gain in university students with overweightness and obesity, emulating a nutritional session of a public health system. Methods: In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, 23 students met all the criteria to be included (20.91 ± 2.52-year-old; 52.2% women) who were divided into two groups: intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). Fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), physical activity by accelerometry, feeding evaluation through three questionnaires, and a set of healthy lifestyle recommendations were evaluated before and after the national holidays (NH). Results: Our findings showed that FM increased significantly in the CG, but not in the IG (CG = 428.1 g; IG = 321.9 g; Δ = 106.2 g; p = 0.654 [95% CI = −379.57, 591.92]). However, no differences were found during the NH between them (Hedges’ g effect size = 0.19; p = 0.654). In addition, no statistical differences were observed between groups in feeding evaluations, the set of recommendations performed, and physical activity. Conclusion: a single preventive session before a critical period, using a similar counselling approach as used in the public health system, might not be enough to promote changes in eating and physical activity patterns and preventing fat gain in overweight/obese university students. Long-term interventions are a must.