This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Dr. Michela Ricca
Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science - University of Calabria

Basic Info


Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Archaeology
0 Cultural Heritage
0 Limestone
0 Marble
0 Material Analysis

Fingerprints

Cultural Heritage
Underwater
Limestone
Marble
Cultural Heritage Conservation

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In this study, a multimethodological analysis involving optical and physical/chemical diagnostic techniques and 3D photogrammetric survey was successfully applied, for the first time, on the large oil on canvas St. Michael defeating Evil painting by Mattia Preti, located inside the Church of the Immaculate Conception of Sarria (Floriana) in Malta. Pigmenting agents, binder media, and raw materials were first characterized, both at elemental and molecular scales, through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), optical stereo microscopy (SM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main goal was to properly identify the execution technique of this famous painter, the artist’s palette, and possible nondocumented interventions. The 3D photogrammetric survey, on the other side, allowed us to noninvasively evaluate the extension of the areas that experienced restorations, and to properly map the domains of the different canvasses observed. The joints between canvasses suggested that the painting was folded and rolled up. In addition, the employment of a thermal camera gave evidence of the different consolidating material injection points used during the restoration to strengthen the painting. The obtained results offer useful information for the development of optimized restoration and conservation strategies to be applied and provide, at the same time, answers to open questions related to provenance and dating of the investigated artwork.

ACS Style

Sebastiano D’Amico; Valeria Comite; Giuseppe Paladini; Michela Ricca; Emanuele Colica; Luciano Galone; Sante Guido; Giuseppe Mantella; Vincenza Crupi; Domenico Majolino; Paola Fermo; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Luciana Randazzo; Valentina Venuti. Multitechnique diagnostic analysis and 3D surveying prior to the restoration of St. Michael defeating Evil painting by Mattia Preti. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Sebastiano D’Amico, Valeria Comite, Giuseppe Paladini, Michela Ricca, Emanuele Colica, Luciano Galone, Sante Guido, Giuseppe Mantella, Vincenza Crupi, Domenico Majolino, Paola Fermo, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Luciana Randazzo, Valentina Venuti. Multitechnique diagnostic analysis and 3D surveying prior to the restoration of St. Michael defeating Evil painting by Mattia Preti. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastiano D’Amico; Valeria Comite; Giuseppe Paladini; Michela Ricca; Emanuele Colica; Luciano Galone; Sante Guido; Giuseppe Mantella; Vincenza Crupi; Domenico Majolino; Paola Fermo; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Luciana Randazzo; Valentina Venuti. 2021. "Multitechnique diagnostic analysis and 3D surveying prior to the restoration of St. Michael defeating Evil painting by Mattia Preti." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-20.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Applied Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The present paper discusses the importance of non-destructive and micro-destructive technology in forensic investigations in the field of cultural heritage. Recent technological developments and the wide availability of modern analytical instrumentation are creating new possibilities for performing scientific measurements and acquiring data directly on-site—thereby limiting, where possible, sampling activity—as well as learning about the technologies and materials that were employed in the past to create cultural assets. Information on periods, chemical composition, manufacturing techniques, etc., can be gathered more easily. Overall, the benefits of on-site forensic investigations are multiple, including the potential to increase substantially the speed and efficacy of the criminal justice system. However, such benefits are only realized when data quality is guaranteed and findings can be used as forensic evidence in court. The present paper shows data from the non-destructive and micro-destructive analysis of different artworks and objects provided by the Cosenza Carabinieri Unit for the Protection of Cultural Heritage and Anti-Counterfeiting (Calabria, Italy). In particular, two oil paintings on canvas depicting cherubs (Italian: putti), recovered as fragments of larger religious artworks, and two bronze belt and helmet fragments were investigated. In the first case, the research aimed to define the original pictorial layer, identify any reconstruction pictorial areas or pictorial retouching, assess the state of conservation, reconstruct the previous conservation treatments, and provide indications about the chronology of the artworks. In the second case, analysis was performed both to define the bronze chemical composition and the origin of the soil (earth) found within the objects during their recovery. For these purposes, the analytical approach involved the use of non-destructive and micro-destructive analysis as follows: infrared reflectography (IRR), ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence (UV), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), digital optical microscopy (DOM), scanning electron microscopy equipped with EDX microanalysis (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results made it possible to collect valuable diagnostic information and answer questions posed by the institutions for the resolution of various doubts about forensic science and cases concerning the seizure, recovery, or return of archaeological or historical-artistic objects of cultural interest.

ACS Style

Michela Ricca; Maria Alberghina; Luciana Randazzo; Salvatore Schiavone; Antonio Donato; Maria Albanese; Mauro La Russa. A Combined Non-Destructive and Micro-Destructive Approach to Solving the Forensic Problems in the Field of Cultural Heritage: Two Case Studies. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 6951 .

AMA Style

Michela Ricca, Maria Alberghina, Luciana Randazzo, Salvatore Schiavone, Antonio Donato, Maria Albanese, Mauro La Russa. A Combined Non-Destructive and Micro-Destructive Approach to Solving the Forensic Problems in the Field of Cultural Heritage: Two Case Studies. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (15):6951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Ricca; Maria Alberghina; Luciana Randazzo; Salvatore Schiavone; Antonio Donato; Maria Albanese; Mauro La Russa. 2021. "A Combined Non-Destructive and Micro-Destructive Approach to Solving the Forensic Problems in the Field of Cultural Heritage: Two Case Studies." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15: 6951.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2021 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

COVID-19 has reduced tourism in both museums and historical sites with negative economic effect. The wellbeing and good preservation of monuments is a key factor to encourage again tourism. Historical monuments exposed to outdoor pollution are subjected to well known degradation phenomenon including the formation on their surface of black crusts (BCs) causing blackening and deterioration of the monuments and, as a consequence, a worst fruition by the visitors. The aim of this research is the development and validation of a novel method to characterize and quantify the various components present in the black crusts. SO2 together with the carbonaceous fraction (i.e. OC, organic carbon, and EC, elemental carbon) represent the main atmospheric pollutants involved in the process of BCs formation which consists in the partial transformation of the carbonate substrate into gypsum where black particles are embedded. A new methodology based on the use of TGA/DSC (Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential scanning calorimetry) and CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) analysis was set up allowing to determine organic carbon and elemental carbon together with other components such as gypsum. Four standard mixtures simulating BCs composition were prepared and analysed by the set-up methodology. The new procedure was subsequently applied to study real BCs samples taken from monuments and historical buildings placed in cities heavily affected by atmospheric pollution and by PCA (principal component analysis) their main features, from the point of view of carbonaceous fraction, were highlighted.

ACS Style

Valeria Comite; Alessandro Miani; Michela Ricca; Mauro La Russa; Manuela Pulimeno; Paola Fermo. The impact of atmospheric pollution on outdoor cultural heritage: An analytic methodology for the characterization of the carbonaceous fraction in black crusts present on stone surfaces. Environmental Research 2021, 201, 111565 .

AMA Style

Valeria Comite, Alessandro Miani, Michela Ricca, Mauro La Russa, Manuela Pulimeno, Paola Fermo. The impact of atmospheric pollution on outdoor cultural heritage: An analytic methodology for the characterization of the carbonaceous fraction in black crusts present on stone surfaces. Environmental Research. 2021; 201 ():111565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Comite; Alessandro Miani; Michela Ricca; Mauro La Russa; Manuela Pulimeno; Paola Fermo. 2021. "The impact of atmospheric pollution on outdoor cultural heritage: An analytic methodology for the characterization of the carbonaceous fraction in black crusts present on stone surfaces." Environmental Research 201, no. : 111565.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In recent years, the development in digital technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) has evolved rapidly. These technologies are currently in the process of creating driving change in the Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs), representing innovative means to share information, facilitating access and increasing the value and public awareness on Cultural and Natural Heritage. This is particularly relevant for underwater environments, where the most interesting cultural and naturalistic sites are accessible only to scuba divers, or not accessible at all, due to depth and/or environmental constraints. In addition, in underwater sites, guided diving tours are carried out by professionals that usually describe the area to be visited during the predive briefings; such step is needed due to the impossibility of underwater verbal communication without dedicated equipment, a practice very rarely adopted for recreational diving. So, these difficulties make it almost impossible to replicate under the sea, the guided tour approach that is usually offered in on-land museums. Considering such limitations, several technological applications are emerging to increase the accessibility underwater and enrich users’ experience both for divers and nondivers. This work aims to identify the potential of underwater sites (either cultural or natural) to support the development of sustainable tourism (economic, environmental, cultural and social) in the Mediterranean. Moreover, it focuses on supplying local/regional authorities and stakeholders with a multidisciplinary plan for managing Underwater Museums and Knowledge Centres, by promoting innovation in the diving industry and improving users’/tourists’ experience through value-added services and cutting-edge technologies.

ACS Style

Fabio Bruno; Michela Ricca; Antonio Lagudi; Pari Kalamara; Angelos Manglis; Anastasia Fourkiotou; Dimitra Papadopoulou; Aggeliki Veneti. Digital Technologies for the Sustainable Development of the Accessible Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 955 .

AMA Style

Fabio Bruno, Michela Ricca, Antonio Lagudi, Pari Kalamara, Angelos Manglis, Anastasia Fourkiotou, Dimitra Papadopoulou, Aggeliki Veneti. Digital Technologies for the Sustainable Development of the Accessible Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (11):955.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Bruno; Michela Ricca; Antonio Lagudi; Pari Kalamara; Angelos Manglis; Anastasia Fourkiotou; Dimitra Papadopoulou; Aggeliki Veneti. 2020. "Digital Technologies for the Sustainable Development of the Accessible Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11: 955.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Materials & Design
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This work is focused on a multidisciplinary study of 13 pottery fragments collected in the submerged archaeological site of Baia (Naples, Italy). Founded by the Romans in the 1st century B.C., this archaeological area represents one of the greatest evidences of Roman architecture and it includes ancient ruins whose structures range from maritime villas and imperial buildings. Several diagnostic tests were carried out in order to characterize the archaeological materials, their structure and properties, as well as the alteration and degradation products. Degradation forms in seawater imply not only a variation in the physico-mechanical and chemical properties of the material but also an aesthetic damage, due to superficial deposits, which can lead to the illegibility of the artefacts. In this context, it is crucial to determine to what extent these decay factors, mainly attributable to biological growth, could affect the durability of pottery and what are the effects of cleaning procedures. The work offers further elements to obtain new insights into the underwater cultural heritage field and in the function of ceramic matter, especially related to several applications in technology and in the adoption of strategies for suitable conservation procedures.

ACS Style

Michela Ricca; Beatriz Cámara; Rafael Fort; Mónica Álvarez de Buergo; Luciana Randazzo; Barbara Davidde Petriaggi; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Definition of analytical cleaning procedures for archaeological pottery from underwater environments: The case study of samples from Baia (Naples, South Italy). Materials & Design 2020, 197, 109278 .

AMA Style

Michela Ricca, Beatriz Cámara, Rafael Fort, Mónica Álvarez de Buergo, Luciana Randazzo, Barbara Davidde Petriaggi, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Definition of analytical cleaning procedures for archaeological pottery from underwater environments: The case study of samples from Baia (Naples, South Italy). Materials & Design. 2020; 197 ():109278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Ricca; Beatriz Cámara; Rafael Fort; Mónica Álvarez de Buergo; Luciana Randazzo; Barbara Davidde Petriaggi; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "Definition of analytical cleaning procedures for archaeological pottery from underwater environments: The case study of samples from Baia (Naples, South Italy)." Materials & Design 197, no. : 109278.

Journal article
Published: 26 September 2020 in Applied Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Neutron radiography (NR) was here applied to study the effects of two different commercially available consolidants on the water absorption properties in a particular type of limestone (biocalcarenite), known as Pietra d’Aspra stone, which is one of the most extensively used lithotypes in Sicilian Baroque buildings. Our attention was mainly focused on the evaluation, using a fast and nondestructive visualization of water motion through capillarity, of the effectiveness of such layers as consolidating agents in view of preserving and maintaining both old and modern structures. The biocalcarenite was treated with nanosilica (Nano Estel®) and nanolime (CaLoSil®) by brushing it until full saturation, and then artificially weathered by salt crystallization and temperature/relative humidity jumps. Liquid distribution and height of the water front were monitored as a function of time. Significant differences in the water suction behavior among all the investigated samples were highlighted, which allowed us to gain insight into the coating/substrate interaction mechanisms which regulate the fluid mobility inside the porous network of the limestone.

ACS Style

Luciana Randazzo; Giuseppe Paladini; Valentina Venuti; Vincenza Crupi; Frédéric Ott; Giuseppe Montana; Michela Ricca; Natalia Rovella; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Domenico Majolino. Pore Structure and Water Transfer in Pietra d’Aspra Limestone: A Neutronographic Study. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6745 .

AMA Style

Luciana Randazzo, Giuseppe Paladini, Valentina Venuti, Vincenza Crupi, Frédéric Ott, Giuseppe Montana, Michela Ricca, Natalia Rovella, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Domenico Majolino. Pore Structure and Water Transfer in Pietra d’Aspra Limestone: A Neutronographic Study. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luciana Randazzo; Giuseppe Paladini; Valentina Venuti; Vincenza Crupi; Frédéric Ott; Giuseppe Montana; Michela Ricca; Natalia Rovella; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Domenico Majolino. 2020. "Pore Structure and Water Transfer in Pietra d’Aspra Limestone: A Neutronographic Study." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6745.

Original research or treatment paper
Published: 09 September 2020 in Studies in Conservation
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The Archaeological Museum of Palermo (Sicily) has recently presented the results of the restoration of three wall paintings from the House of the Masks of Solunto archaeological site. These significant paintings, dating back to the first century BCE, are the most significant examples of Pompeian style discovered in Sicily to date. The cycle of frescoes unearthed is the best preserved and most complete example of wall painting dating to the Republican Roman period in Sicily. This house was a luxurious private residence built on two floors and centred around a peristyle. This fresco cycle embellished the walls of a banquet room (oecus) discovered during an archaeological excavation carried out by Giovanni Patricolo in 1869. The House of the Masks definition was suggested by Salemi Pace in 1872 when he published the discovery of frescoes with colourful garlands and theatrical masks. In 1874, five panels were detached from the walls and moved to the National Museum of Palermo for conservation purposes. The recent careful cleaning of the pictorial surfaces and the new archaeological and archaeometric research revealed unusual details about the pictorial technique and newly painted subjects. The scientific investigation was preliminarily based on a non-destructive approach, performed in situ using portable equipment and subsequently, the further examination of a micro fragment using micro-destructive investigation. X-ray fluorescence analysis was carried out to identify the original pictorial palette, and electron microprobe analyses coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to define the alteration products. Finally, infrared imaging provided new data about the pictorial technique and iconography. The new archaeometric evidence sheds light on these rare examples of Roman wall painting in the Sicilian Roman province, which until today have not been systematically studied from the point of view of materials and execution techniques, confirming the dating and connections with contemporary workshops active in other Roman provinces.

ACS Style

Maria Francesca Alberghina; Giuseppe Milazzo; Salvatore Schiavone; Luciana Randazzo; Michela Ricca; Natalia Rovella; Francesca Spatafora; Elia Fiorenza; Mauro Francesco La Russa. The Contribution of Microchemical Analyses and Diagnostic Imaging to the Conservation and Identification of the Degraded Surfaces of Hellenistic-Roman Wall Paintings from Solunto (Sicily). Studies in Conservation 2020, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Maria Francesca Alberghina, Giuseppe Milazzo, Salvatore Schiavone, Luciana Randazzo, Michela Ricca, Natalia Rovella, Francesca Spatafora, Elia Fiorenza, Mauro Francesco La Russa. The Contribution of Microchemical Analyses and Diagnostic Imaging to the Conservation and Identification of the Degraded Surfaces of Hellenistic-Roman Wall Paintings from Solunto (Sicily). Studies in Conservation. 2020; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Francesca Alberghina; Giuseppe Milazzo; Salvatore Schiavone; Luciana Randazzo; Michela Ricca; Natalia Rovella; Francesca Spatafora; Elia Fiorenza; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "The Contribution of Microchemical Analyses and Diagnostic Imaging to the Conservation and Identification of the Degraded Surfaces of Hellenistic-Roman Wall Paintings from Solunto (Sicily)." Studies in Conservation , no. : 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2020 in Applied Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This multidisciplinary research focuses on diagnostic investigations to characterize the archaeological materials, as well as the alteration and degradation forms detected at the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria (Calabria, South Italy) site. The thermal complex, (dating I–II century B.C.), was built around three main rooms such as the caldarium (hot bath), the tepidarium (warm bath) and the frigidarium (cold bath), all connected to a central room through several entrances. The central hall still preserves a suggestive mosaic floor dating between the II and III century A.D., characterized by geometric motifs and black and white tesserae. Fragments of various archaeological stone materials, such as bricks, mortars, sedimentary, volcanic and metamorphic rocks have been studied with different and complementary techniques. Particularly, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were performed to characterize the materials employed to construct the site and evaluate their state of preservation. Finally, laboratory microbiological culture analysis was conducted to identify the main microorganisms composing the biological patinas detected on the sampled materials. Results allowed us to evaluate the most suitable restoration procedures to conduct at the archaeological site, considering the different stone materials present in the studied area and their state of conservation.

ACS Style

Michela Ricca; Clara Enza Urzì; Natalia Rovella; Alessandro Sardella; Alessandra Bonazza; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Filomena De Leo; Luciana Randazzo; Anna Arcudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy). Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5106 .

AMA Style

Michela Ricca, Clara Enza Urzì, Natalia Rovella, Alessandro Sardella, Alessandra Bonazza, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Filomena De Leo, Luciana Randazzo, Anna Arcudi, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (15):5106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Ricca; Clara Enza Urzì; Natalia Rovella; Alessandro Sardella; Alessandra Bonazza; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Filomena De Leo; Luciana Randazzo; Anna Arcudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15: 5106.

Original paper
Published: 21 July 2020 in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The use of stone materials in cultural heritage and architecture represents a practice that has its roots in ancient times. Stone buildings, depending on the construction materials and their location in the urban context, are particularly vulnerable to weathering phenomena. These can be often accelerated by changes in environmental conditions linked mostly to the anthropic activities. In this way, the present work is addressed on the minero-petrographic and geochemical characterisation of samples taken from the built historical heritage in Cairo (Egypt), related to seven monumental areas. These sites have been chosen based on their historical importance, type of material, state of preservation and position in the Cairo context. The construction materials used and their degradation products were studied comparing the results obtained by means of different analytical techniques such as polarised light optical microscopy (POM), ion chromatography (IC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the carbonaceous fraction, detected by using the thermogravimetry (TG). The results achieved demonstrated that black crusts and salt crystallisation represent the most common and damaging degradation products affecting all the monumental sites. Moreover, the environmental pollution produced by industrial activities and vehicular traffic has been identified as the main cause of these processes, followed by a marginal contribution of natural sources such as the sea spray. The data collected provide useful information to plan efficient conservation strategies in the future.

ACS Style

Natalia Rovella; Nevin Aly; Valeria Comite; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Michela Ricca; Paola Fermo; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Mauro Francesco La Russa. A methodological approach to define the state of conservation of the stone materials used in the Cairo historical heritage (Egypt). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2020, 12, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Natalia Rovella, Nevin Aly, Valeria Comite, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Michela Ricca, Paola Fermo, Monica Alvarez De Buergo, Mauro Francesco La Russa. A methodological approach to define the state of conservation of the stone materials used in the Cairo historical heritage (Egypt). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2020; 12 (8):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Rovella; Nevin Aly; Valeria Comite; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Michela Ricca; Paola Fermo; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "A methodological approach to define the state of conservation of the stone materials used in the Cairo historical heritage (Egypt)." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12, no. 8: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2020 in Journal of Cultural Heritage
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In this work a combined laboratory-based and neutronographic investigation was carried out on a type of limestone, known as Pietra di Lecce stone, widely used in Italian Baroque as construction material. The limestone was treated with two different commercially-available coatings, namely nanosilica and nanolime, and artificially weathered by salt crystallization and temperature/relative humidity jumps. The aim was to provide an experimental evidence of the protective and consolidating effectiveness of the two treatments by looking at the water absorption process occurring inside the pore network of the analyzed stones. The analysis of the wetting front position revealed significant variations in the water absorption kinetics among the investigated samples, suggesting different mechanisms of interaction between the inorganic consolidants and the underlying bulk stone. Finally, a quantitative evaluation of the best effectiveness of the two products was addressed, particularly useful in view of an appropriate choice of restoration procedures to be applied to building materials.

ACS Style

Luciana Randazzo; Valentina Venuti; Giuseppe Paladini; Vincenza Crupi; Domenico Majolino; Frédéric Ott; Michela Ricca; Natalia Rovella; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Evaluating the protecting effects of two consolidants applied on Pietra di Lecce limestone: A neutronographic study. Journal of Cultural Heritage 2020, 46, 1 .

AMA Style

Luciana Randazzo, Valentina Venuti, Giuseppe Paladini, Vincenza Crupi, Domenico Majolino, Frédéric Ott, Michela Ricca, Natalia Rovella, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Evaluating the protecting effects of two consolidants applied on Pietra di Lecce limestone: A neutronographic study. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2020; 46 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luciana Randazzo; Valentina Venuti; Giuseppe Paladini; Vincenza Crupi; Domenico Majolino; Frédéric Ott; Michela Ricca; Natalia Rovella; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "Evaluating the protecting effects of two consolidants applied on Pietra di Lecce limestone: A neutronographic study." Journal of Cultural Heritage 46, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2020 in Sustainability
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In recent decades, increasing attention is being paid to the multidisciplinary approach that allows the performance of both a preventive conservation and a more invasive restoration action. In this context, the present study aims to acquire information and data from field surveys undertaken in San Domenico Church, Southern Calabria, in order to provide a tool for the recording and the inventory of damage and decay phenomena, and assess their causes and scale. The subsequent calculation of damage indices also provided useful information in order to allow the prioritization of conservation and preservation responses.

ACS Style

Luciana Randazzo; Matteo Collina; Michela Ricca; Loris Barbieri; Fabio Bruno; Anna Arcudi; Mauro La Russa. Damage Indices and Photogrammetry for Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the San Domenico Church Main Entrance Portal (South Calabria, Italy). Sustainability 2020, 12, 5198 .

AMA Style

Luciana Randazzo, Matteo Collina, Michela Ricca, Loris Barbieri, Fabio Bruno, Anna Arcudi, Mauro La Russa. Damage Indices and Photogrammetry for Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the San Domenico Church Main Entrance Portal (South Calabria, Italy). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):5198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luciana Randazzo; Matteo Collina; Michela Ricca; Loris Barbieri; Fabio Bruno; Anna Arcudi; Mauro La Russa. 2020. "Damage Indices and Photogrammetry for Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the San Domenico Church Main Entrance Portal (South Calabria, Italy)." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5198.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Natural stones have represented one of the main building materials since ancient times. In recent decades, a worsening in degradation phenomena related mostly to environmental pollution was observed, threatening their conservation. The present work is focused on the minero-petrographic and geochemical characterization of black crust (BC) samples taken from the historical center of Naples, after selecting two pilot monumental areas. The latter were chosen based on their historical importance, type of material, state of preservation and position in the urban context (i.e., high vehicular traffic area, limited traffic area, industrial area, etc.). The building materials used and their interaction with environmental pollutions were studied comparing the results obtained by means of different analytical techniques such as polarized light Optical Microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion system (SEM-EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and laser ablation coupled with inductive plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).

ACS Style

Valeria Comite; Michela Ricca; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Sossio Fabio Graziano; Natalia Rovella; Concetta Rispoli; Chiara Gallo; Luciana Randazzo; Donatella Barca; Piergiulio Cappelletti; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy). Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4241 .

AMA Style

Valeria Comite, Michela Ricca, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Sossio Fabio Graziano, Natalia Rovella, Concetta Rispoli, Chiara Gallo, Luciana Randazzo, Donatella Barca, Piergiulio Cappelletti, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):4241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Comite; Michela Ricca; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Sossio Fabio Graziano; Natalia Rovella; Concetta Rispoli; Chiara Gallo; Luciana Randazzo; Donatella Barca; Piergiulio Cappelletti; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4241.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Sustainability
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Documentation and conservation of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) are crucial to preserving humankind’s history and traditions, safeguarding tangible testimonies of past human life while ensuring its accessibility to future generations. The TECTONIC (Technological Consortium TO develop sustainability of underwater Cultural Heritage) project is promoting an intersectoral collaboration between academic and non-academic professionals (i.e., archaeologists, conservators, geologists, engineers, etc.) working on different topics related to UCHs, to find solutions to the issues still existing in the field. The overall aim is the exchange of skills for the improvement and assessment of innovative materials and techniques to develop solutions and marketable products for the conservation and management of the UCH, sustainably. To achieve its overall aim, TECTONIC is undertaking activities driven by the following objectives: (a) the study, documentation, and mapping of selected UCHs; (b) the creation of decision-support tools for UCH risk assessment in a changing environment; (c) the initiation of conservation studies and protocols for conservation activities; (d) the development of open and low-cost robotic solutions for the inspection of UCH; and (e) the raising of public awareness and knowledge about UCH. All the objectives are devoted to stimulating new sustainable ideas that would bring the growth of cultural tourism and the development of new marketable products by capitalizing on the research results.

ACS Style

Michela Ricca; George Alexandrakis; Alessandra Bonazza; Fabio Bruno; Barbara Davidde Petriaggi; Dolores Elkin; Antonio Lagudi; Stephane Nicolas; Michal Novák; George Papatheodorou; Javier Prieto; Marco Ricci; Antonio Vasilijevic; Mauro Francesco La Russa. A Sustainable Approach for the Management and Valorization of Underwater Cultural Heritage: New Perspectives from the TECTONIC Project. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Michela Ricca, George Alexandrakis, Alessandra Bonazza, Fabio Bruno, Barbara Davidde Petriaggi, Dolores Elkin, Antonio Lagudi, Stephane Nicolas, Michal Novák, George Papatheodorou, Javier Prieto, Marco Ricci, Antonio Vasilijevic, Mauro Francesco La Russa. A Sustainable Approach for the Management and Valorization of Underwater Cultural Heritage: New Perspectives from the TECTONIC Project. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Ricca; George Alexandrakis; Alessandra Bonazza; Fabio Bruno; Barbara Davidde Petriaggi; Dolores Elkin; Antonio Lagudi; Stephane Nicolas; Michal Novák; George Papatheodorou; Javier Prieto; Marco Ricci; Antonio Vasilijevic; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "A Sustainable Approach for the Management and Valorization of Underwater Cultural Heritage: New Perspectives from the TECTONIC Project." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2020 in Heritage Science
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Tituli Picti are an ancient form of urban graffiti very common in the archaeological site of Pompeii (Naples, South—Italy). They are generally made of red pigments applied on walls of Campanian ignimbrite. This paper deals with a scientific investigation aimed to their conservation. This is a challenging task since it requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes restorers, archaeologists and conservation scientists. The study has provided suggestions on the proper way to conserve Tituli Picti over time. In the present work, several specimens of Campanian ignimbrite were painted with red earth pigment; lime and Arabic gum have been used as binders as well. Such painted stones were treated with three consolidants: a suspension of reactive nanoparticles of silica, ethyl silicate and an acrylic microemulsion. Treated and untreated specimens were subjected to thermal aging, artificial solar radiation and induced crystallization decay. It has been assessed the colorimetric variations induced by treatments. Moreover, the micromorphologic features of the consolidated surfaces have been highlighted by means of electron microscope observations. The scotch tape test allowed to compare the superficial cohesion induced by the three used products. According to the results, ethyl silicate seems to represent the most successful product.

ACS Style

Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Natalia Rovella; Anna Arcudi; Vincenza Crupi; Domenico Majolino; Massimo Osanna; Rossella Pace; Alessia Pantuso; Luciana Randazzo; Michela Ricca; Nicola Ruggieri; Valentina Venuti; Mauro Francesco La Russa. New insights to assess the consolidation of stone materials used in built heritage: the case study of ancient graffiti (Tituli Picti) in the archaeological site of Pompeii. Heritage Science 2020, 8, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Natalia Rovella, Anna Arcudi, Vincenza Crupi, Domenico Majolino, Massimo Osanna, Rossella Pace, Alessia Pantuso, Luciana Randazzo, Michela Ricca, Nicola Ruggieri, Valentina Venuti, Mauro Francesco La Russa. New insights to assess the consolidation of stone materials used in built heritage: the case study of ancient graffiti (Tituli Picti) in the archaeological site of Pompeii. Heritage Science. 2020; 8 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Natalia Rovella; Anna Arcudi; Vincenza Crupi; Domenico Majolino; Massimo Osanna; Rossella Pace; Alessia Pantuso; Luciana Randazzo; Michela Ricca; Nicola Ruggieri; Valentina Venuti; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "New insights to assess the consolidation of stone materials used in built heritage: the case study of ancient graffiti (Tituli Picti) in the archaeological site of Pompeii." Heritage Science 8, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2020 in Heritage
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Despite the growing attention to Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) in Europe and worldwide, the efforts in wholly enjoying underwater archaeological assets and sites are still remarkable; hence, the need for innovative research and solutions that are suitable for raising knowledge on the subject. In this way, this paper wants to be a review for highlighting all of the developments, potentials, and results achieved in the last decade to reach a good protection of UCHs related to the study of stone materials, degradation processes, and the new methods for protection/consolidation directly in situ. The present work is focused on the analysis of the main results obtained from several studies conducted to date, providing additional guidelines for operators in the UCH sector (i.e., restorers, archaeologists, conservation scientists, geologists, etc.). Such guidelines will be a very useful key factor in enhancing knowledge, management, protection, and promotion of underwater sites. In particular, the purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the state of the art on both consolidated techniques for studying materials coming from seawater and innovations in the field of protection and consolidation of UCH against biofouling, the main cause of damage in underwater environments.

ACS Style

Michela Ricca; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Challenges for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH), from Waterlogged and Weathered Stone Materials to Conservation Strategies: An Overview. Heritage 2020, 3, 402 -411.

AMA Style

Michela Ricca, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Challenges for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH), from Waterlogged and Weathered Stone Materials to Conservation Strategies: An Overview. Heritage. 2020; 3 (2):402-411.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Ricca; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "Challenges for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH), from Waterlogged and Weathered Stone Materials to Conservation Strategies: An Overview." Heritage 3, no. 2: 402-411.

Original paper
Published: 09 September 2019 in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This paper presents the first results about the provenance of obsidian fragments recovered in the archaeological site of Samshvilde (South Georgia, Caucasus) with the aim to obtain knowledge related to the network distribution and procurement of obsidian in Georgia. The geochemical characterization of thirty archaeological finds was obtained by the LA-ICP-MS method, an almost non-destructive technique capable of chemically characterizing the volcanic glass. A comparison of geochemical results obtained on both archaeological artefacts and geological samples collected from Chikiani outcrop in Georgia, together with literature data of southern Caucasus and eastern Turkey, allowed us to define the source of the archaeological obsidians of Samshvilde site. The majority of archaeological samples (28/30) shows a local provenance, precisely from Chikiani (Georgia) on the contrary the other two samples suggest a provenance from two different Armenian sources respectively Gegham and Akhurian volcanic system.

ACS Style

M. F. La Russa; L. Randazzo; Michela Ricca; N. Rovella; D. Barca; S.A. Ruffolo; D Berikashvili; L. Kvakhadze. The first archaeometric characterization of obsidian artifacts from the archaeological site of Samshvilde (South Georgia, Caucasus). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2019, 11, 6725 -6736.

AMA Style

M. F. La Russa, L. Randazzo, Michela Ricca, N. Rovella, D. Barca, S.A. Ruffolo, D Berikashvili, L. Kvakhadze. The first archaeometric characterization of obsidian artifacts from the archaeological site of Samshvilde (South Georgia, Caucasus). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2019; 11 (12):6725-6736.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. F. La Russa; L. Randazzo; Michela Ricca; N. Rovella; D. Barca; S.A. Ruffolo; D Berikashvili; L. Kvakhadze. 2019. "The first archaeometric characterization of obsidian artifacts from the archaeological site of Samshvilde (South Georgia, Caucasus)." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 12: 6725-6736.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2019 in Heritage
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The present work is aimed at the investigation of the ceramic bulk and pigmented glazed surfaces of ancient potteries dating back to XIX century A.D. and coming from the charming archeological site located in the Medieval Agsu town (Azerbaijan), a geographic area of special interest due to the ancient commercial routes between China, Asia Minor, and Europe. For the purpose of the study, complementary investigation tools have been exploited: non-destructive or micro-destructive investigation at elemental level by ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques, by using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) spectroscopy and ion-microbeam analysis, and chemical characterization at microscopic level, by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. The acquired information reveals useful for the identification of the provenance, the reconstruction of the firing technology, and finally, the identification of the pigment was used as a colorant of the glaze.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Torrisi; Valentina Venuti; Vincenza Crupi; Letteria Silipigni; Mariapompea Cutroneo; Giuseppe Paladini; Alfio Torrisi; Vladimír Havránek; Anna Macková; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Giovanni Birarda; Lisa Vaccari; Andrea Macchia; Fariz Khalilli; Michela Ricca; Domenico Majolino. RBS, PIXE, Ion-Microbeam and SR-FTIR Analyses of Pottery Fragments from Azerbaijan. Heritage 2019, 2, 1852 -1873.

AMA Style

Lorenzo Torrisi, Valentina Venuti, Vincenza Crupi, Letteria Silipigni, Mariapompea Cutroneo, Giuseppe Paladini, Alfio Torrisi, Vladimír Havránek, Anna Macková, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Giovanni Birarda, Lisa Vaccari, Andrea Macchia, Fariz Khalilli, Michela Ricca, Domenico Majolino. RBS, PIXE, Ion-Microbeam and SR-FTIR Analyses of Pottery Fragments from Azerbaijan. Heritage. 2019; 2 (3):1852-1873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Torrisi; Valentina Venuti; Vincenza Crupi; Letteria Silipigni; Mariapompea Cutroneo; Giuseppe Paladini; Alfio Torrisi; Vladimír Havránek; Anna Macková; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Giovanni Birarda; Lisa Vaccari; Andrea Macchia; Fariz Khalilli; Michela Ricca; Domenico Majolino. 2019. "RBS, PIXE, Ion-Microbeam and SR-FTIR Analyses of Pottery Fragments from Azerbaijan." Heritage 2, no. 3: 1852-1873.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2019 in Coatings
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This paper presents the results of a laboratory experimentation carried out on stone materials in the framework of the CRATI project (Knowledge and Restoration through Advanced Integrated Technologies) aimed at testing new products with consolidating properties by means of an integrated methodological approach. After the preliminary characterization of stone materials collected in the pilot site, the second stage of the activities within the project were focused on the formulation and testing of products for the conservation of the same materials against decay, especially salt crystallization, one of the most aggressive and common degrading processes. The San Domenico Church, located in the old town of Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy) has been chosen as the pilot site and for the in situ tests. Several specimens with the same features of the stone materials used in San Domenico church were collected from a historical quarry near the city of Cosenza. These specimens were treated and then artificially degraded by salt crystallization tests in order to evaluate their susceptibility to weathering intensity. Three different consolidating products were used; respectively, two commercial and another one formulated in laboratory: (a) a suspension of nanosilica (Nano Estel®); (b) a suspension of nanolime (CaLoSiL®), and (c) a suspension of nano calcium-hydroxide dispersed in isopropyl alcohol and then mixed with diammonium hydrogen phosphate. A systematic approach, including minero-petrographic, geochemical and physico-mechanical techniques, was applied to evaluate (a) the nature and main features of materials; (b) the efficacy of consolidating treatments, and (c) the resistance of treated stone to the salt crystallization processes. The tested products demonstrated a significant efficiency to consolidate and protect stone material samples, enhancing their resistance to salt crystallization. Thus, such a case history may be useful in order to plan appropriate restoration interventions that consider the interactions between the building stone and the protective/consolidating product.

ACS Style

Michela Ricca; Emilia Le Pera; Maurizio Licchelli; Andrea Macchia; Marco Malagodi; Luciana Randazzo; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro A. Ruffolo; Maduka L. Weththimuni; Mauro F. La Russa. The CRATI Project: New Insights on the Consolidation of Salt Weathered Stone and the Case Study of San Domenico Church in Cosenza (South Calabria, Italy). Coatings 2019, 9, 330 .

AMA Style

Michela Ricca, Emilia Le Pera, Maurizio Licchelli, Andrea Macchia, Marco Malagodi, Luciana Randazzo, Natalia Rovella, Silvestro A. Ruffolo, Maduka L. Weththimuni, Mauro F. La Russa. The CRATI Project: New Insights on the Consolidation of Salt Weathered Stone and the Case Study of San Domenico Church in Cosenza (South Calabria, Italy). Coatings. 2019; 9 (5):330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Ricca; Emilia Le Pera; Maurizio Licchelli; Andrea Macchia; Marco Malagodi; Luciana Randazzo; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro A. Ruffolo; Maduka L. Weththimuni; Mauro F. La Russa. 2019. "The CRATI Project: New Insights on the Consolidation of Salt Weathered Stone and the Case Study of San Domenico Church in Cosenza (South Calabria, Italy)." Coatings 9, no. 5: 330.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2019 in Minerals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This paper aims to carry out an archaeometric characterization of mortar samples taken from an underwater environment. The fishpond of the archaeological site of Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, Rome, Italy) was chosen as a pilot site for experimentation. The masonry structures reached the maximum thickness at the apex of the fishpond (4.70 m) and consisted of a concrete conglomerate composed of slightly rough stones of medium size bound with non-hydraulic mortar. After sampling, for a complete characterization of selected mortar fragments, different and complementary techniques (stereomicroscopy, polarizing optical microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction analysis) were carried out in order to: a) define the minero-petrographic features; and b) investigate their state of conservation. The obtained data allowed the determination of the main constituents of mortars from a compositional point of view. The raw materials, in fact, were quite homogeneous, as well as the ratio in which they were mixed, confirming the typical "recipe" used in Roman times to manufacture hydraulic-type mortars by adding pozzolana. At the same time, it was possible to identify the various degradation processes we were interested in, namely, biological colonization (bio-fouling) that develops differently according to environmental conditions. Based on characterization phase results, the research will help to develop adequate techniques for intervention (innovative tools and methods for the protection of underwater cultural heritage) with particular regard to cleaning and consolidating procedures to be carried out directly in situ.

ACS Style

Luciana Randazzo; Michela Ricca; Silvestro Ruffolo; Marco Aquino; Barbara Davidde Petriaggi; Flavio Enei; Mauro F. La Russa. An Integrated Analytical Approach to Define the Compositional and Textural Features of Mortars Used in the Underwater Archaeological Site of Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, Rome, Italy). Minerals 2019, 9, 268 .

AMA Style

Luciana Randazzo, Michela Ricca, Silvestro Ruffolo, Marco Aquino, Barbara Davidde Petriaggi, Flavio Enei, Mauro F. La Russa. An Integrated Analytical Approach to Define the Compositional and Textural Features of Mortars Used in the Underwater Archaeological Site of Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, Rome, Italy). Minerals. 2019; 9 (5):268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luciana Randazzo; Michela Ricca; Silvestro Ruffolo; Marco Aquino; Barbara Davidde Petriaggi; Flavio Enei; Mauro F. La Russa. 2019. "An Integrated Analytical Approach to Define the Compositional and Textural Features of Mortars Used in the Underwater Archaeological Site of Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, Rome, Italy)." Minerals 9, no. 5: 268.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2019 in Geosciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This work focused on the study of decorated pottery dated back to the 16th century from the Roman archaeological site of Villa dei Quintili, a monumental complex located in the south-eastern part of Rome (Italy). A minero-petrographic and geochemical study was undertaken to analyse five archaeological samples in order to define textural features and raw materials used for their production, along with the chemical and physical composition of the superficial decorative glazed coatings. For this purpose, different analytical methods were used, such as polarising optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), and electron microprobe analysis coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EMPA-EDS). The results of such a multidisciplinary approach allowed us to achieve important results crucial to recognise the shards as majolica of the Renaissance period, improving knowledge about manufacturing processes of these renowned painted ceramic artefacts.

ACS Style

Michela Ricca; Giuseppe Paladini; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Luciana Randazzo; Vincenza Crupi; Barbara Fazio; Domenico Majolino; Valentina Venuti; Giuliana Galli; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study. Geosciences 2019, 9, 172 .

AMA Style

Michela Ricca, Giuseppe Paladini, Natalia Rovella, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Luciana Randazzo, Vincenza Crupi, Barbara Fazio, Domenico Majolino, Valentina Venuti, Giuliana Galli, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study. Geosciences. 2019; 9 (4):172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Ricca; Giuseppe Paladini; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Luciana Randazzo; Vincenza Crupi; Barbara Fazio; Domenico Majolino; Valentina Venuti; Giuliana Galli; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2019. "Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study." Geosciences 9, no. 4: 172.