A standard protocol to develop type 1 diabetes in zebrafish is still uncertain due to unpredictable factors. In this study, an optimized protocol was developed and used to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of Psychotria malayana leaf. The aims of this study were to develop a type 1 diabetic adult zebrafish model and to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the plant extract on the developed model. The ability of streptozotocin and alloxan at a different dose to elevate the blood glucose levels in zebrafish was evaluated. While the anti-diabetic activity of P. malayana aqueous extract was evaluated through analysis of blood glucose and LC-MS analysis fingerprinting. The results indicated that a single intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg alloxan was the optimal dose to elevate the fasting blood glucose in zebrafish. Furthermore, the plant extract at 1, 2, and 3 g/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels in the diabetic zebrafish. In addition, LC-MS-based fingerprinting indicated that 3 g/kg plant extract more effective than other doses. Phytosterols, sugar alcohols, sugar acid, free fatty acids, cyclitols, phenolics, and alkaloid were detected in the extract using GC-MS. In conclusion, P. malayana leaf aqueous extract showed anti-diabetic activity on the developed type 1 diabetic zebrafish model.

Background: Among the various medicinal plants, black cumin (Nigella sativa) appears as an herb with a historical and religious background due to a lot of research. One of the most important effects on Nigella sativa is the hepatoprotective that has been shed in various studies. Thymoquinone which is the content of Nigella sativa has the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Thymoquinone can reduce oxidative stress and increase antioxidants in the body. The objectives of this study were to overcome the effects hepatoprotector of black cumin extract (Nigella sativa) on the damage of hepatic of male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) sparague dawley strain induced by ethanol. Methodology: It is a kind of experimental laboratory research used that uses random controlled design method with the pattern of post test-only control group design. The subject of this research is 25 adult male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) Sparague Dawley strain aged 3-4 months, weight 150-300 grams, that are divided in to five groups. Group one (normal control) is given aquades dose 0,01 ml/grBB/day, group two (pathologic control) is given ethanol with dose o,o1 ml/grBB/day, group three is given 25% concentration of black cumin extract and 50% ethanol, group four is given 37,5% concentration of black cumin extract and 50% ethanol, and group five is given 50% concentration of black cumin extract and 50% ethanol. After 14^th days, the treatment was stopped and the rats got dislocation cervical, and then laparotomy for made histopathology preparation. After getting observed, the data that is gotten is analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and then Mann-Whitney test. Result: The result of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was an effect of black cumin extract (Nigella sativa) on the damage of hepatic of male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) sparague dawley strain induced by ethanol with p = 0,001 (p <0,05) . Mann Whitney test show there is a means difference between group I (normal control) with group II (pathologic control), group III (dose I), group IV (dose II) and group V (dose III). Conclusion: There is a hepatoprotector effect of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract to liver’s damage of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) sparague dawley strain induced by ethanol. Key words: Black cumin extract, ethanol, fatty degeneration of liver rats.   ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Di antara berbagai tanaman obat, jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) muncul sebagai ramuan dengan latar belakang sejarah dan agama karena banyak penelitian mengungkapkan potensi farmakologis dari tanaman tesebut. Salah satu efek yang paling penting pada Nigella sativa adalah hepatoprotektif yang ditelah dijelaskan dalam berbagai penelitian. Thymoquinone yang merupakan kandungan jintan hitam memiliki kemampuan untuk menghambat peroksidasi lipid. Thymoquinone dapat mengurangi stress oksidatif dan meningkatkan pertahanan antioksidan dalam tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk meneliti efek hepatoprotektor jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) terhadap kerusakan hepar tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan galur Sprague Dawley yang diinduksi etanol. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorik menggunakan metode rancangan acak terkontrol dengan pola post test-only control group design. Subjek penelitian adalah 25 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan galur sparague dawley berumur 3-4 bulan, berat badan 150-300 gram, yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok I (kontrol normal) diberi aquades dosis 0,01 ml/grBB/hari, kelompok II (kontrol patologis) diberi etanol 50% dosis 0,01 ml/grBB/hari, kelompok III diberi ekstrak jintan hitam konsentrasi 25% dan etanol 50%, kelompok IV diberi ekstrak jintan hitam konsentrasi 37,5% dan etanol 50%, serta kelompok V diberi ekstrak jintan hitam konsentrasi 50% dan etanol 50%. Setelah hari ke-14, perlakuan dihentikan, dilakukan dislokasi pada leher tikus kemudian dilakukan laparotomi untuk pengambilan hepar tikus untuk dibuat preparat histopatologis. Setelah diamati, data dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann Whitney. Hasil: Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh ekstrak jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) terhadap kerusakan hepar tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan galur sparague dawley yang diinduksi etanol, dengan nilai p = 0,001 (p<0,05). Uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan perbandingan yang bermakna didapatkan pada kelompok I (kontrol normal) dengan kelompok II (kontrol patologis), kelompok III (dosis I), kelompok IV (dosis II) dan kelompok V (dosis III). Kesimpulan: Terdapat efek hepatoprotektor ekstrak jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) terhadap kerusakan hepar tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan galur Sprague Dawley yang diinduksi etanol.   Kata kunci: ekstrak jintan hitam, etanol, degenerasi lemak hepar tikus.

Background: The diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms necessitates the identification of distinct histological features. Various education/hospital centers located in cities across Indonesia likely result in discordances among pathologists when diagnosing thyroid neoplasms.Methods: This study examined the concordance among Indonesian pathologists in assessing nuclear features and capsular and vascular invasion of thyroid tumors. Fifteen pathologists from different centers independently assessed the same 14 digital slides of thyroid tumor specimens. All the specimens were thyroid neoplasms with known BRAFV600E and RAS mutational status, from a single center. We evaluated the pre- and post-training agreement using the Fleiss kappa. The significance of the training was evaluated using a paired T-test. Results: Baseline agreement on nuclear features was slight to fair based on a 3-point scoring system (k = 0.14 to 0.28) and poor to fair based on an eight-point system (k = –0.02 to 0.24). Agreements on vascular (κ = 0.35) and capsular invasion (κ = 0.27) were fair, whereas the estimated molecular type showed substantial agreement (κ = 0.74). Following the training, agreement using the eight-point system significantly improved (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The level of concordance among Indonesian pathologists in diagnosing thyroid neoplasm was relatively poor. Consensus in pathology assessment requires ongoing collaboration and education to refine diagnostic criteria.

Background: Therapies for hyperglycemic treatment, including insulin and oral diabetes medications, have been confirmed to cause several side effects. Thus, finding new drugs with fewer side effects is of high importance. Salung leaf herb (Psychotria malayana Jack) reported used in traditional societies as a treatment for diabetes. However, the scientific proof of this plant for diabetes treatment is still lacking.Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the P. malayana jack in induced type 1 diabetic rats by assessing blood glucose level and pancreatic cells in white rats.Methods: Alloxan used to induce type I diabetes. Rats randomly divided into six groups. A Group P1 received 250 mg/kg BW; group P2 received 500 mg/kg BW, group P3 received 1000 mg/kg BW. While group 4 basal received no treatment, group 5 received distilled water as a negative control, and group 6 received glibenclamide as a positive control. Medications are given for six days. Glucose levels were measured, and observation of pancreatic Langerhans cell damages.Results: A decrease in blood glucose levels observed in all treatment groups. The most significant reduction (49.76%; 1000 mg/kg BW) occurred in the P3 group. Morphological features of pancreatic Langerhans cell damage were slightly high in the P1 group.Conclusion: P. malayana Jack can consider having an antidiabetic effect in a type 1 diabetic rat by reducing blood glucose levels.

Fibroadenomas (FA) and phyllodes tumors (PT) are fibroepithelial lesions in the breast, which until now the relationship between the pathogenesis of both have not been ascertained yet. Epithelial cells are thought to be involved in the regulation of changes in the stromal cells in the PT, so it can be estimated that this process is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study aims to compare of snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (Snail-1) and estrogen receptor (ER) impression as EMT factors among tumor type (FA, benign PT, boderline PT and malignant PT). This study was an observational analysis with the cross-sectional method. After the histologic grade of the samples was reviewed, immunohistochemistry examination for ER and Snail-1 was performed. Statistical analysis for categorical data was tested by chi-square test. There were 66 samples, consists of 20 FA, 17 benign PT, 16 borderlines PT, and 13 malignant PT. A significant difference in the loss of ER expression in borderline and malignant PT was found compared to FA and benign PT. This is inversely proportional to the snail-1 expression, where the expression was high in borderline PT and malignant PT stromal cells. This could support the consideration of the pathomechanism regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition changes in FA with PT, where Snail-1 is one of the proteins in the regulation of the EMT and RE processes acting as an inhibiting factor in transcription factors in the mechanism of EMT occurrence.

The characteristics of keloid disease are characterized by excessive accumulation of collagen in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue due to damage to skin tissue. This condition causes various complex problems such as loss of self-confidence, low self-esteem, shyness accompanied by obvious physical damage such as contractures, pain, itching and lack of range of motion. Various studies have investigated the genes responsible for this condition including the interleukin (IL)-6 gene. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple biological functions. Naturally, these cytokines are produced locally upon intense and sustained damage and initiate transcriptional provocative reactions via the IL-6 alpha receptor. The purpose of this study was to analyze Interleukin-6 immunoexpression in keloids. This research is an observational study with a cross sectional research design. Samples were stored in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material which was diagnosed histopathologically as a keloid disease. The research variable to be examined is IL-6 immunoexpression. The examination technique used is immunohistochemical examination. There were 31 cases of keloids, aged between 16 and 47 years, mostly in women (67.7%), occurring in the trunk area (70.9%) 18 cases of recurrence (58%). We found 24 cases (77.4%) with strong IL-6 immunoexpression in fibroblast cells. There were 7 cases (22.6%) with weak immunoexpression. There was a strong correlation between IL-6 immunoexpression and age (p=0.04) and recurrence (p=0.02). There is no significant relationship with gender. Fibroblasts produce collagen and fibronectin which are necessary for wound re-epithelialization. Remodeling of these deposits and matrices is a continuous process and is influenced by various growth factors. IL-6 cytokine is produced more by dermal than superficial fibroblasts, this is what determines the difference between deep and superficial wound healing. This can be considered as regulatory factor IL-6 in keloid disease.