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Annette Zeyner
Group Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str.11, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany

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Feed

Journal article
Published: 23 August 2021 in Toxins
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Mycotoxin contaminated feed has been associated with colic of horses caused by intestinal disorders. Whether such disease conditions alter the intestinal toxin metabolism and transfer across a compromised mucosal barrier is unknown. A screening approach was used to relate blood residue levels of DON, ZEN and their metabolites to the status of the horses (sick vs. healthy). A total of 55 clinically healthy horses from 6 different farms with varying feeding background served as control for sick horses (N = 102) hospitalized due to colic. ZEN, alpha-zearalenol (ZEL), beta-ZEL and DON were detectable in peripheral blood as indicators for the inner exposure with significant farm effects for alpha- and beta-ZEL. However, the levels in sick horses were similar to all farms. Moreover, the proportion of beta-ZEL of all detected ZEN metabolites as an indicator for the degree of metabolism of ZEN was not different for sick horses but differed amongst the control farms. Although the incidence of DON in blood was generally low and not significantly different amongst healthy and sick horses, the positive samples were nearly exclusively found in sick horses suggesting either a higher toxin transfer, an association of DON with the development of colic or a different feeding background.

ACS Style

Sven Dänicke; Janine Saltzmann; Wendy Liermann; Maren Glatter; Liane Hüther; Susanne Kersten; Annette Zeyner; Karsten Feige; Tobias Warnken. Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits. Toxins 2021, 13, 588 .

AMA Style

Sven Dänicke, Janine Saltzmann, Wendy Liermann, Maren Glatter, Liane Hüther, Susanne Kersten, Annette Zeyner, Karsten Feige, Tobias Warnken. Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits. Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):588.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sven Dänicke; Janine Saltzmann; Wendy Liermann; Maren Glatter; Liane Hüther; Susanne Kersten; Annette Zeyner; Karsten Feige; Tobias Warnken. 2021. "Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits." Toxins 13, no. 8: 588.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2021 in Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
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For a period of 20 days, 12 horses either received a prebiotic supplementation with fructooligosaccharides and inulin via Jerusalem artichoke meal (JAM) or corncob meal without grains (CMG) as placebo. The horses were euthanized 1 hour postprandial, gastric digesta was sampled from pars nonglandularis (PNG) and pars glandularis (PG), and concentrations of starch, mono- and disaccharides, fructans, d- and l-lactic acid, and short chain fatty acids were analyzed. Concentrations of starch and simple sugars were widely the same in JAM supplemented and not supplemented meals. However, fructans were less than half as much without supplementation as with supplementation of JAM. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans disappeared to a larger extent with prebiotic supplementation than without (106.6% vs. 86.7% glucose, 73.1% vs. 66.8% fructose, 91.5% vs. 14.7% sucrose, and 68.3% vs. 35.4% fructans remained in PNG; 81.9% vs. 38.3% glucose, 52.2% vs. 53.4% fructose, 47.1% vs. 0% sucrose, and 48.5% vs. 31.7% fructans remained in PG with CMG vs. JAM feeding). Disappearance of simple sugars and fructans was primarily associated with appearance of n-butyric acid (r = -0.21 – r = -0.33).

ACS Style

Martin Bachmann; Maren Glatter; Mandy Bochnia; Jörg M. Greef; Gerhard Breves; Annette Zeyner. Degradation of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Fructans in the Stomach of Horses Adapted to a Prebiotic Dose of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2021, 105, 103731 .

AMA Style

Martin Bachmann, Maren Glatter, Mandy Bochnia, Jörg M. Greef, Gerhard Breves, Annette Zeyner. Degradation of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Fructans in the Stomach of Horses Adapted to a Prebiotic Dose of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2021; 105 ():103731.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Bachmann; Maren Glatter; Mandy Bochnia; Jörg M. Greef; Gerhard Breves; Annette Zeyner. 2021. "Degradation of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Fructans in the Stomach of Horses Adapted to a Prebiotic Dose of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 105, no. : 103731.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Animals
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Methane (CH4) from ruminal feed degradation is a major pollutant from ruminant livestock, which calls for mitigation strategies. The purpose of the present 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was to investigate the dose–response relationships between four doses of the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and potential synergistic effects with low (LC) or high (HC) concentrate feed proportions (CFP) on CH4 reduction as both mitigation approaches differ in their mode of action (direct 3-NOP vs. indirect CFP effects). Diet substrates and 3-NOP were incubated in a rumen simulation technique to measure the concentration and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), fermentation gases as well as substrate disappearance. Negative side effects on fermentation regarding total VFA and gas production as well as nutrient degradability were observed for neither CFP nor 3-NOP. CH4 production decreased from 10% up to 97% in a dose-dependent manner with increasing 3-NOP inclusion rate (dose: p< 0.001) but irrespective of CFP (CFP × dose: p = 0.094). Hydrogen gas accumulated correspondingly with increased 3-NOP dose (dose: p< 0.001). In vitro pH (p = 0.019) and redox potential (p = 0.066) varied by CFP, whereas the latter fluctuated with 3-NOP dose (p = 0.01). Acetate and iso-butyrate (mol %) decreased with 3-NOP dose, whereas iso-valerate increased (dose: p< 0.001). Propionate and valerate varied inconsistently due to 3-NOP supplementation. The feed additive 3-NOP was proven to be a dose-dependent yet effective CH4 inhibitor under conditions in vitro. The observed lack of additivity of increased CFP on the CH4 inhibition potential of 3-NOP needs to be verified in future research testing further diet types both in vitro and in vivo.

ACS Style

Matthias Schilde; Dirk von Soosten; Liane Hüther; Susanne Kersten; Ulrich Meyer; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. Dose–Response Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol Combined with Low- and High-Concentrate Feed Proportions in the Dairy Cow Ration on Fermentation Parameters in a Rumen Simulation Technique. Animals 2021, 11, 1784 .

AMA Style

Matthias Schilde, Dirk von Soosten, Liane Hüther, Susanne Kersten, Ulrich Meyer, Annette Zeyner, Sven Dänicke. Dose–Response Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol Combined with Low- and High-Concentrate Feed Proportions in the Dairy Cow Ration on Fermentation Parameters in a Rumen Simulation Technique. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthias Schilde; Dirk von Soosten; Liane Hüther; Susanne Kersten; Ulrich Meyer; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. 2021. "Dose–Response Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol Combined with Low- and High-Concentrate Feed Proportions in the Dairy Cow Ration on Fermentation Parameters in a Rumen Simulation Technique." Animals 11, no. 6: 1784.

Communication
Published: 26 May 2021 in Toxins
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Hypoglycin A (HGA) originating from soapberry fruits (litchi, and ackee) seeds or seedlings from the sycamore maple (SM) tree (related to Sapindaceae) may cause Jamaican vomiting sickness in humans and atypical myopathy in horses and ruminants. A possible transfer into dairy cow’s milk cannot be ruled out since the literature has revealed HGA in the milk of mares and in the offal of captured deer following HGA intoxication. From a study, carried out for another purpose, bulk raw milk samples from four randomly selected dairy farms were available. The cows were pastured in the daytime. A sycamore maple tree was found on the pasture of farm No. 1 only. Bulk milk from the individual tank or milk filling station was sampled in parallels and analyzed for HGA by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Measurable concentrations of HGA occurred only in milk from farm No. 1 and amounted to 120 and 489 nmol/L. Despite low and very variable HGA concentrations, the results indicate that the ingested toxin, once eaten, is transferred into the milk. However, it is unknown how much HGA the individual cow ingested during grazing and what amount was transferred into the bulk milk samples. As a prerequisite for a possible future safety assessment, carry-over studies are needed. Furthermore, the toxins’ stability during milk processing should also be investigated as well.

ACS Style

Mandy Bochnia; Jörg Ziegler; Maren Glatter; Annette Zeyner. Hypoglycin A in Cow’s Milk—A Pilot Study. Toxins 2021, 13, 381 .

AMA Style

Mandy Bochnia, Jörg Ziegler, Maren Glatter, Annette Zeyner. Hypoglycin A in Cow’s Milk—A Pilot Study. Toxins. 2021; 13 (6):381.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mandy Bochnia; Jörg Ziegler; Maren Glatter; Annette Zeyner. 2021. "Hypoglycin A in Cow’s Milk—A Pilot Study." Toxins 13, no. 6: 381.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
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Soaking hay before feeding has been documented to reduce airborn respirable particles and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content which may have positive benefits for horses suffering from Equine Asthma (EA) or Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS). Prolonged soaking also leaches minerals, but to-date no measurement of the loss of small intestine digestible crude protein has been documented. One aim of this study was to investigate various soaking durations on nutrient contents of hay, WSC, macronutrients, and trace elements levels. Another objective was to determine the prececal digestible crude protein (pcd CP) and amino acid (pcd AA) fraction contents and prececal digestibility (pcD). Four different batches of meadow hay were soaked in water (20° C during preparation) for 0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 12 hours and drained for 20 minutes. A 15 minutes soaking duration significantly reduced the levels of nearly all investigated nutrients (e.g. for fructans, and WSC, macronutrients and trace elements). However, the crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin content increased. Metabolizable energy (ME) contents decreased by 5−15 %, pcd CP and pcd AA fell by 35 %, and the pcD declined by up to 49 %. In contrast, the pcD was 56 % before soaking. Longer soaking durations did not enhance the wash-out effect. Horse owners should be aware that soaking hay, regardless of reason, may negatively alter the nutritional value. The wide range of wash-out effects may pose risks in calculating the correct dry matter portion to prevent weight loss and maintain ME, pcd CP and pcd AA requirements, especially for horses with EMS and EA.

ACS Style

M. Bochnia; C. Pietsch; M. Wensch-Dorendorf; M. Greef; A. Zeyner. Effect of Hay Soaking Duration on Metabolizable Energy, Total and Prececal Digestible Crude Protein and Amino Acids, Non-Starch Carbohydrates, Macronutrients and Trace Elements. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2021, 101, 103452 .

AMA Style

M. Bochnia, C. Pietsch, M. Wensch-Dorendorf, M. Greef, A. Zeyner. Effect of Hay Soaking Duration on Metabolizable Energy, Total and Prececal Digestible Crude Protein and Amino Acids, Non-Starch Carbohydrates, Macronutrients and Trace Elements. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2021; 101 ():103452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Bochnia; C. Pietsch; M. Wensch-Dorendorf; M. Greef; A. Zeyner. 2021. "Effect of Hay Soaking Duration on Metabolizable Energy, Total and Prececal Digestible Crude Protein and Amino Acids, Non-Starch Carbohydrates, Macronutrients and Trace Elements." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 101, no. : 103452.

Articles
Published: 01 March 2021 in Archives of Animal Nutrition
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The climate-relevant enteric methane (CH4) formation represents a loss of feed energy that is potentially meaningful for energetically undersupplied peripartal dairy cows. Higher concentrate feed proportions (CFP) are known to reduce CH4 emissions in cows. The same applies to the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), albeit through different mechanisms. It was hypothesised that the hydrogen not utilised for CH4 formation through the inhibition by 3-NOP would be sequestered by propionate formation triggered by higher CFP so that it could thereby give rise to a synergistically reduced CH4 emission. In a 2 × 2-factorial design, low (LC) or high (HC) CFP were either tested without supplements (CONLC, CONHC) or combined with 3-NOP (NOPLC, 48.4 mg/kg dry matter (DM); NOPHC, 51.2 mg 3-NOP/kg DM). These four rations were fed to a total of 55 Holstein cows from d 28 ante partum until d 120 post partum. DM intake (DMI) was not affected by 3-NOP but increased with CFP (CFP; p < 0.001). CH4/DMI and CH4/energy-corrected milk (ECM) were mitigated by 3-NOP (23% NOPLC, 33% NOPHC) (p < 0.001) and high CFP (12% CON, 22% 3-NOP groups) (CFP × TIME p < 0.001). Under the conditions of the present experiment, the CH4 emissions of NOPLC increased to the level of the CON groups from week 8 until the end of trial (3-NOP × CFP × TIME; p < 0.01). CO2 yield decreased by 3-NOP and high CFP (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.001). The reduced body weight loss and feed efficiency in HC groups paralleled a more positive energy balance being most obvious in NOPHC (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.001). ECM was lower for NOPHC compared to CONHC (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.05), whereas LC groups did not differ. A decreased fat to protein ratio was observed in HC groups and, until week 6 post partum, in NOPLC. Milk lactose and urea increased by 3-NOP (3-NOP; p < 0.05). 3-NOP and high CFP changed rumen fermentation to a more propionic-metabolic profile (3-NOP; CFP; p < 0.01) but did not affect rumen pH. In conclusion, CH4 emission was synergistically reduced when high CFP was combined with 3-NOP while the CH4 mitigating 3-NOP effect decreased with progressing time when the supplement was added to the high-forage ration. The nature of these interactions needs to be clarified.

ACS Style

Matthias Schilde; Dirk von Soosten; Liane Hüther; Ulrich Meyer; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and varying concentrate feed proportions in the ration on methane emission, rumen fermentation and performance of periparturient dairy cows. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2021, 75, 79 -104.

AMA Style

Matthias Schilde, Dirk von Soosten, Liane Hüther, Ulrich Meyer, Annette Zeyner, Sven Dänicke. Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and varying concentrate feed proportions in the ration on methane emission, rumen fermentation and performance of periparturient dairy cows. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 2021; 75 (2):79-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthias Schilde; Dirk von Soosten; Liane Hüther; Ulrich Meyer; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. 2021. "Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and varying concentrate feed proportions in the ration on methane emission, rumen fermentation and performance of periparturient dairy cows." Archives of Animal Nutrition 75, no. 2: 79-104.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Animals
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Dietary fibers may have positive impact on health and wellbeing of pigs. The study examined physicochemical properties of two lignocelluloses (including and excluding bark), powdered cellulose, Aspergillus niger mycelium, lucerne chaff, soybean shells, wheat bran, and sugar beet pulp in relation to fermentability and digestibility using in vitro batch-culture incubation. Maize starch and a purified cellulose were used as standardized substrates for classification of the test substrates. The substrates covered a wide range regarding their physicochemical properties. Swelling capacity (SC) was 9–411%, water binding capacity (WBC) was 4.4–14.3 g/g dry matter (DM), and water holding capacity (WHC) was 4.1–10.6 g/g DM. Gas production and other fermentation parameters—namely post-incubation pH, CH4, NH3, and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations—revealed a significant fermentation of sugar beet pulp, soybean shells, lucerne chaff, wheat bran, A. niger mycelium, and powdered cellulose, whereas the lignocelluloses were not fermented. Significant correlations were found between the physicochemical properties and the fermentation parameters (p < 0.05). Enzymatic pre-digestion mostly reduced gas, NH3, and SCFA production. In vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) was mostly negligible after enzymatic pre-digestion. Fermentation alone led to only 0.10–0.15 IVDMD and 0.14–0.15 IVOMD in lignocelluloses and powdered cellulose, respectively, but 0.44–0.37 IVDMD and 0.46–0.38 IVOMD in the remainder of substrates (p < 0.05). In vitro digestibility was again correlated with the physicochemical properties of the substrates and the fermentation parameters (p < 0.05). The fiber preparations and fiber-rich byproducts were fermented to a relevant extent. In contrast, lignocelluloses were not fermented and can be used rather as bulk material.

ACS Style

Martin Bachmann; Sebastian Michel; Jörg Greef; Annette Zeyner. Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Digestibility of Fibers and Fiber-Rich Byproducts Used for the Feeding of Pigs. Animals 2021, 11, 341 .

AMA Style

Martin Bachmann, Sebastian Michel, Jörg Greef, Annette Zeyner. Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Digestibility of Fibers and Fiber-Rich Byproducts Used for the Feeding of Pigs. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Bachmann; Sebastian Michel; Jörg Greef; Annette Zeyner. 2021. "Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Digestibility of Fibers and Fiber-Rich Byproducts Used for the Feeding of Pigs." Animals 11, no. 2: 341.

Original article
Published: 13 December 2020 in Veterinary Medicine and Science
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Background Hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG) from seeds/seedlings of Sycamore maple (SM, Acer pseudoplatanus) causes atypical myopathy (AM) in horses. AM was not known to occur in wild ruminants until several fatalities in milus (Elaphurus davidianus) following the ingestion of HGA in SM seeds. However, a role for MCPrG has not previously been evaluated. Objectives To test the hypothesis that MCPrG is also a major factor in AM in milus, three milus (M1, M2, M3) from the Zoo Dresden (aged 7–11 years, 2 females and 1 male, in good nutritional condition) that developed AM were studied. Methods Serum, urine and methanol extracts from the liver, kidney, rumen digesta and faeces were analysed by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for HGA, MCPrG and for conjugates of carnitine (C) and glycine (G): Methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)‐G, MCPA‐C, Methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)‐G, MCPF‐C, butyryl‐C and isobutyryl‐C. Results HGA in serum was high (M2 480 nmol/L; M3 460 nmol/L), but MCPrG was not. HGA and MCPrG were found in rumen and faeces extracts, and MCPrG was also identified in the liver. Metabolites of HGA and MCPrG were high in serum, urine and liver, but not in the rumen or faeces. Conclusions This study shows that MCPrG is involved in the pathophysiology of AM in milus. The metabolism of MCPrG is considered to be faster because, after ingestion, the specific metabolites appear highly concentrated in the serum. The high toxin concentration in the liver suggests that a possible transfer into products for human consumption may pose a risk.

ACS Style

Mandy Bochnia; Eva Ziemssen; Johannes Sander; Birgit Stief; Annette Zeyner. Methylenecyclopropylglycine and hypoglycin A intoxication in three Pére David's Deers ( Elaphurus davidianus ) with atypical myopathy. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2020, 7, 998 -1005.

AMA Style

Mandy Bochnia, Eva Ziemssen, Johannes Sander, Birgit Stief, Annette Zeyner. Methylenecyclopropylglycine and hypoglycin A intoxication in three Pére David's Deers ( Elaphurus davidianus ) with atypical myopathy. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2020; 7 (3):998-1005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mandy Bochnia; Eva Ziemssen; Johannes Sander; Birgit Stief; Annette Zeyner. 2020. "Methylenecyclopropylglycine and hypoglycin A intoxication in three Pére David's Deers ( Elaphurus davidianus ) with atypical myopathy." Veterinary Medicine and Science 7, no. 3: 998-1005.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2020 in Animals
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The present study aimed at evaluating the influences of different concentrate feed proportions in the ration offered to dairy cows post partum with different body condition scores (BCS) before calving. Therefore, 60 pluriparous cows were divided 42 days before expected calving into two groups with a higher or an adequate BCS. After calving, both groups were further subdivided into a group fed a ration with either a low concentrate feed proportion (C, 35% at dry matter basis) or a high (60% at dry matter basis) one. It was hypothesized that different BCS would lead to different reactions concerning varying concentrate feed proportions. Isolated BCS effects were detected in the white blood profile only before calving. Neither low nor high concentrate feed proportions affected hematological, blood immune cell phenotypes and inflammatory markers consistently irrespective of BCS group. It was concluded, that the assessed BCS span covered a range in which the capability of cows to cope with different dietary post partum energy supply remained unchanged.

ACS Style

Katharina Bünemann; Jana Frahm; Susanne Kersten; Liane Hüther; Ulrich Meyer; Helga Sauerwein; Jürgen Hummel; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. Effects of Pre-Calving Body Condition and Different post partum Concentrate Feed Proportions on Immune-Associated and Hematological Parameters in Pluriparous Dairy Cows. Animals 2020, 10, 2251 .

AMA Style

Katharina Bünemann, Jana Frahm, Susanne Kersten, Liane Hüther, Ulrich Meyer, Helga Sauerwein, Jürgen Hummel, Annette Zeyner, Sven Dänicke. Effects of Pre-Calving Body Condition and Different post partum Concentrate Feed Proportions on Immune-Associated and Hematological Parameters in Pluriparous Dairy Cows. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katharina Bünemann; Jana Frahm; Susanne Kersten; Liane Hüther; Ulrich Meyer; Helga Sauerwein; Jürgen Hummel; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. 2020. "Effects of Pre-Calving Body Condition and Different post partum Concentrate Feed Proportions on Immune-Associated and Hematological Parameters in Pluriparous Dairy Cows." Animals 10, no. 12: 2251.

Discussion
Published: 25 May 2020 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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The bean seed beetle (Bruchus rufimanus) is the most damaging pest and responsible for significant losses of grain quality, proceeds and yield in faba bean cultivation, but cannot efficiently be opposed at present. Apart from selection of resistant cultivars, we propose earlier harvest of grains interrupting the beetles’ life cycle for improved pest control.

ACS Style

Martin Bachmann; Christian Kuhnitzsch; Siriwan Martens; Olaf Steinhöfel; Annette Zeyner. Control of bean seed beetle reproduction through cultivar selection and harvesting time. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2020, 300, 107005 .

AMA Style

Martin Bachmann, Christian Kuhnitzsch, Siriwan Martens, Olaf Steinhöfel, Annette Zeyner. Control of bean seed beetle reproduction through cultivar selection and harvesting time. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2020; 300 ():107005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Bachmann; Christian Kuhnitzsch; Siriwan Martens; Olaf Steinhöfel; Annette Zeyner. 2020. "Control of bean seed beetle reproduction through cultivar selection and harvesting time." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 300, no. : 107005.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Animal Nutrition
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Legume grains such as field peas and field beans can be produced on a local level, and may be reliable sources of dietary protein and energy apart from common soybean and rapeseed meals. In ruminants, protein, starch, and carbohydrates from peas and field beans are fermented in large part before reaching the small intestine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of ensiling and hydro-thermic treatment (i.e., toasting at 160 °C for 30 min) of grains of peas and field beans on the concentrations of post-ruminal crude protein (PRCP) and rumen-undegraded protein (RUP). Moreover, 24-h gas production and methane production were measured. For this, an in vitro batch culture system with ruminal fluid from sheep was used. Rumen-undegraded protein was determined using the Streptomyces griseus protease test. Scanning electron micrographs were used to visualize morphological changes of starch granules and their joint matrices in peas and field beans after ensiling, toasting, or a combination of both. Native pea grains contained crude protein (CP) at 199 g/kg DM, PRCP at 155 g/kg DM at a ruminal passage rate of 0.08/h (Kp8), RUP at 33 g/kg DM at Kp8, and starch at 530 g/kg DM. Native field beans contained CP at 296 g/kg DM, PRCP at 212 g/kg DM at Kp8, RUP at 54 g of/kg DM at Kp8, and starch at 450 g/kg DM. The PRCP did not considerably differ among native and treated peas or field beans. Especially in the peas, RUP at Kp8 increased after ensiling by 10 g/kg DM (i.e., 30%; P < 0.05). Toasting increased RUP (Kp8) in ensiled peas by another 28% (P < 0.05). Toasting had no effect on PRCP or RUP when the peas or field beans were not ensiled before. Gas and methane production were not affected by any treatment, and scanning electron micrographs did not reveal structural changes on the starches doubtless of any treatment. Protein seemed to be more affected by treatment with ensiled + toasted peas than with ensiled + toasted field beans, but starches and other carbohydrates from both legumes remained unaffected.

ACS Style

Martin Bachmann; Christian Kuhnitzsch; Sebastian Michel; Annabel Thierbach; Mandy Bochnia; Jörg M. Greef; Siriwan D. Martens; Olaf Steinhöfel; Annette Zeyner. Effect of toasting grain silages from field peas (Pisum sativum) and field beans (Vicia faba) on in vitro gas production, methane production, and post-ruminal crude protein content. Animal Nutrition 2020, 6, 342 -352.

AMA Style

Martin Bachmann, Christian Kuhnitzsch, Sebastian Michel, Annabel Thierbach, Mandy Bochnia, Jörg M. Greef, Siriwan D. Martens, Olaf Steinhöfel, Annette Zeyner. Effect of toasting grain silages from field peas (Pisum sativum) and field beans (Vicia faba) on in vitro gas production, methane production, and post-ruminal crude protein content. Animal Nutrition. 2020; 6 (3):342-352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Bachmann; Christian Kuhnitzsch; Sebastian Michel; Annabel Thierbach; Mandy Bochnia; Jörg M. Greef; Siriwan D. Martens; Olaf Steinhöfel; Annette Zeyner. 2020. "Effect of toasting grain silages from field peas (Pisum sativum) and field beans (Vicia faba) on in vitro gas production, methane production, and post-ruminal crude protein content." Animal Nutrition 6, no. 3: 342-352.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2020 in Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
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Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin may modulate hindgut fermentation. It was tested if digesta batch cultures taken from horses adapted to FOS and inulin show different fermentation compared with such taken from nonsupplemented horses. Six horses received 0.15 g FOS and inulin/kg body weight/d via Jerusalem artichoke meal (JAM) upon a hay-based diet; six horses received corncob meal without grains (CMG) as placebo. The horses were euthanized after 20 days. Digesta samples were taken from stomach, cecum, ventral colon ascendens (VCA), and colon transversum (CT). Digesta batch cultures were incubated 48 hours to measure in vitro gas production as well as pre- and post-incubation pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). A distinct fermentation of the surplus of fructans present in the inoculum was found with JAM-adapted batch cultures. Gas production was accelerated in inoculated gastric contents of horses adapted to JAM compared with CMG adapted ones (7.8 vs. 16.4 hours to achieve half of the 48 hours gas quantity, respectively; P > .05). Although buffered, pH decreased during fermentation. Postincubation pH was lower with JAM than CMG-adapted batch cultures (P > .05). Preinoculation ORP was lower with stomach batch cultures adapted to CMG than with such adapted to JAM. The ORP increased twofold from pre- to post-incubation with the latter. Asymptotic maximal gas production decreased gradually using cecum, VCA, or CT digesta. Parts of FOS and inulin of digesta are fermented in the stomach, which reduce possible effects on hindgut fermentation. Elevated fermentation may considerably impact stomach health.

ACS Style

Martin Bachmann; Maren Glatter; Mandy Bochnia; Monika Wensch-Dorendorf; Jörg M. Greef; Gerhard Breves; Annette Zeyner. In Vitro Gas Production from Batch Cultures of Stomach and Hindgut Digesta of Horses Adapted to a Prebiotic Dose of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2020, 90, 103020 .

AMA Style

Martin Bachmann, Maren Glatter, Mandy Bochnia, Monika Wensch-Dorendorf, Jörg M. Greef, Gerhard Breves, Annette Zeyner. In Vitro Gas Production from Batch Cultures of Stomach and Hindgut Digesta of Horses Adapted to a Prebiotic Dose of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2020; 90 ():103020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Bachmann; Maren Glatter; Mandy Bochnia; Monika Wensch-Dorendorf; Jörg M. Greef; Gerhard Breves; Annette Zeyner. 2020. "In Vitro Gas Production from Batch Cultures of Stomach and Hindgut Digesta of Horses Adapted to a Prebiotic Dose of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 90, no. : 103020.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2020 in Animals
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The aim of the study was to examine different pH parameters, such as variations throughout the day, depending on differing concentrate feed proportions. Moreover, special attention was payed to individual variation in microbial efficiencies (microbial crude protein/fermented organic matter) and their relation to ruminal pH, nutrient flows and digestibilities. For this, cows were grouped according to microbial efficiency (more, n = 5, vs. less efficient cows, n = 4). After calving, thirteen ruminally cannulated pluriparous cows, including nine duodenally cannulated animals, were divided into groups offered rations with a lower (35% on dry matter basis, n = 7) or a higher (60% on dry matter basis, n = 6) concentrate feed proportion. Ruminal pH parameters were assessed continuously by using intraruminal probes. Nutrient flows, nutrient digestibility and microbial efficiency were determined for duodenally cannulated cows. For most ruminal pH parameters it seemed that individual variability was higher than the treatment effect. However, a positive relationship between actual concentrate intake and diurnal pH fluctuations was found. Besides, the effect of individually different microbial efficiencies was assessed. Again, there were no group differences for pH parameters. However, nutrient flows were significantly higher in more efficient cows, whereas digestibilities were lower in in more efficient cows.

ACS Style

Katharina Bünemann; Maren Johannes; Rolf Schmitz; Julia Hartwiger; Dirk Von Soosten; Liane Hüther; Ulrich Meyer; Heiner Westendarp; Jürgen Hummel; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. Effects of Different Concentrate Feed Proportions on Ruminal Ph Parameters, Duodenal Nutrient Flows and Efficiency of Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows During Early Lactation. Animals 2020, 10, 267 .

AMA Style

Katharina Bünemann, Maren Johannes, Rolf Schmitz, Julia Hartwiger, Dirk Von Soosten, Liane Hüther, Ulrich Meyer, Heiner Westendarp, Jürgen Hummel, Annette Zeyner, Sven Dänicke. Effects of Different Concentrate Feed Proportions on Ruminal Ph Parameters, Duodenal Nutrient Flows and Efficiency of Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows During Early Lactation. Animals. 2020; 10 (2):267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katharina Bünemann; Maren Johannes; Rolf Schmitz; Julia Hartwiger; Dirk Von Soosten; Liane Hüther; Ulrich Meyer; Heiner Westendarp; Jürgen Hummel; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. 2020. "Effects of Different Concentrate Feed Proportions on Ruminal Ph Parameters, Duodenal Nutrient Flows and Efficiency of Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows During Early Lactation." Animals 10, no. 2: 267.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2020 in Livestock Science
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Field peas provide valuable starch and protein, but especially the latter is highly soluble in the rumen. Toasting of ensiled pea grains might reduce ruminal starch and protein degradation. The objective was to test this by measuring 24 h total gas production, gas production kinetics, and post-ruminal crude protein (PRCP) in an in vitro batch culture system. First, toasting temperature was varied with 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200 °C stages, while keeping a constant treatment duration of 30 min, and second, toasting temperature was kept constant at 160 °C, and the duration was varied with 10, 20, and 30 min. Rumen-undegraded protein (RUP) was measured using the Streptomyces griseus protease test. Moreover, ensiling and toasting effects on the morphology of pea starches were visually examined using scanning electron microscopy. In vitro gas production decreased with increasing toasting temperature or duration of heat exposure (P < 0.05). Morphological changes of starch granules and embedding matrices became visible at a toasting temperature of at least 180 °C. Post-ruminal crude protein was less affected by ensiling and ensiling + toasting. However, ensiling + toasting decreased the amount of soluble protein, but increased the insoluble protein fractions. Furthermore, protein solubility decreased with increasing temperature (by at most 41% of crude protein) or duration of toasting (by at most 21% of crude protein), and RUP increased by approximately 10 g/kg dry matter (DM) through ensiling, and by maximally 40 to 50 g/kg DM through toasting (P < 0.05). The results indicate that ensiling and subsequent toasting of field peas might elevate the concentration of ruminally stable carbohydrates and protein, which, however, do not necessarily result in elevated PRCP concentrations. Whether we achieve protein protection or protein damage after heat exposure depends on the temperature and duration of the toasting process.

ACS Style

Martin Bachmann; C. Kuhnitzsch; A. Thierbach; S. Michel; M. Bochnia; J.M. Greef; Siriwan Martens; O. Steinhöfel; A. Zeyner. Effects of toasting temperature and duration on in vitro ruminal gas production kinetics and post-ruminal crude protein from field pea (Pisum sativum) legume grain silages. Livestock Science 2020, 233, 103944 .

AMA Style

Martin Bachmann, C. Kuhnitzsch, A. Thierbach, S. Michel, M. Bochnia, J.M. Greef, Siriwan Martens, O. Steinhöfel, A. Zeyner. Effects of toasting temperature and duration on in vitro ruminal gas production kinetics and post-ruminal crude protein from field pea (Pisum sativum) legume grain silages. Livestock Science. 2020; 233 ():103944.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Bachmann; C. Kuhnitzsch; A. Thierbach; S. Michel; M. Bochnia; J.M. Greef; Siriwan Martens; O. Steinhöfel; A. Zeyner. 2020. "Effects of toasting temperature and duration on in vitro ruminal gas production kinetics and post-ruminal crude protein from field pea (Pisum sativum) legume grain silages." Livestock Science 233, no. : 103944.

Short communication
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Applied Animal Research
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Gas production and post-ruminal crude protein (PRCP) were measured in vitro using the modified Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) and the ANKOM RF Gas Production System (AGPS). Ruminal fluid was collected from cannulated wethers. The microbial inoculum was prepared according to the HGT and incubated with both in vitro systems. Total gases accumulated after 8 or 24 h were manually read off (modified HGT) and cumulative gas pressures were automatically recorded (AGPS). Determined NH3-N concentrations were used to estimate PRCP. Peas had a greater gas production capacity than field beans (P < 0.05). The ranking of 24 h-gas production from the substrates was equal with both systems (R2 = 0.57). The field beans had more PRCP than the peas, and PRCP differed between the systems (P < 0.05). Current ensiling conditions had no effect on gas production. Ensiling did not affect PRCP concentrations in peas, but reduced them in the field beans (P > 0.05 with the modified HGT; P < 0.05 with AGPS). Using the AGPS, PRCP was clearer differentiated among the substrates and had a clearer progression along increasing assumed ruminal passage rates. This indicates a better sensitivity of the AGPS compared to the modified HGT.

ACS Style

M. Bachmann; C. Kuhnitzsch; Siriwan Martens; O. Steinhöfel; A. Zeyner. Estimation of gas production and post-ruminal crude protein from native or ensiled Pisum sativum and Vicia faba grains. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2020, 48, 78 -85.

AMA Style

M. Bachmann, C. Kuhnitzsch, Siriwan Martens, O. Steinhöfel, A. Zeyner. Estimation of gas production and post-ruminal crude protein from native or ensiled Pisum sativum and Vicia faba grains. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2020; 48 (1):78-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Bachmann; C. Kuhnitzsch; Siriwan Martens; O. Steinhöfel; A. Zeyner. 2020. "Estimation of gas production and post-ruminal crude protein from native or ensiled Pisum sativum and Vicia faba grains." Journal of Applied Animal Research 48, no. 1: 78-85.

Communication
Published: 01 July 2019 in Animals
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Pea grains may partially replace soybean or rapeseed meals and cereals in ruminant diets, but substitution by unprocessed peas is limited by high ruminal protein solubility. The effect of combined ensiling and toasting of peas using a mobile toaster (100 kg/h throughput rate, 180 to 190 °C supplied air temperature) on rumen-undegraded protein (RUP) was tested in vitro using the Streptomyces griseus protease test. The effects of ensiling plus toasting on apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), and proximate nutrients were examined in a digestion trial. Concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) were calculated. Native peas had 38 g RUP/kg dry matter (DM), which was 20% of crude protein (CP). Rumen-undegraded protein increased three-fold after ensiling plus toasting (p < 0.001). Acid detergent insoluble protein increased five-fold. Apparent digestibility was 0.94 (OM), 0.90 (CP), and above 0.99 (nitrogen-free extract, starch, and sugars) and was not altered by the treatment. The ME (13.9 MJ/kg DM) or the NEL (8.9 MJ/kg DM) concentration was similar in native and ensiled plus toasted peas. This technique can easily be applied on farms and may increase RUP. However, it needs to be clarified under which conditions pea protein will be damaged.

ACS Style

Martin Bachmann; Christian Kuhnitzsch; Paul Okon; Siriwan D. Martens; Jörg M. Greef; Olaf Steinhöfel; Annette Zeyner. Ruminal In Vitro Protein Degradation and Apparent Digestibility of Energy and Nutrients in Sheep Fed Native or Ensiled + Toasted Pea (Pisum sativum) Grains. Animals 2019, 9, 401 .

AMA Style

Martin Bachmann, Christian Kuhnitzsch, Paul Okon, Siriwan D. Martens, Jörg M. Greef, Olaf Steinhöfel, Annette Zeyner. Ruminal In Vitro Protein Degradation and Apparent Digestibility of Energy and Nutrients in Sheep Fed Native or Ensiled + Toasted Pea (Pisum sativum) Grains. Animals. 2019; 9 (7):401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Bachmann; Christian Kuhnitzsch; Paul Okon; Siriwan D. Martens; Jörg M. Greef; Olaf Steinhöfel; Annette Zeyner. 2019. "Ruminal In Vitro Protein Degradation and Apparent Digestibility of Energy and Nutrients in Sheep Fed Native or Ensiled + Toasted Pea (Pisum sativum) Grains." Animals 9, no. 7: 401.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2019 in Research in Veterinary Science
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Pelleted feeds (PF) are popular in horse nutrition because of high palatability and improved feeding hygiene, but ingestion is faster for PF than for cereals or muesli feed. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether variable amounts of two PFs produced with different physical properties from the same batch of feed can affect feed intake patterns in horses. Chewing patterns were measured in six warmblood mares (519 ± 36.3 kg) on two PFs (small-sized PF1: ø 5 mm, length 21.9 ± 4.97 mm, large-sized PF2: edge length 15.6 ± 0.14 × 15.6 ± 0.08 mm, length 54.4 ± 9.59 mm) in three different amounts (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg) once per day additional to hay. PF 2 was ingested faster than PF1 for the meal size 1.0 kg, but PF 1 was ingested more rapidly with a reduced chewing intensity if the offered meal size increased. The ingestion of PF 2 tendentially elevated the chewing intensity at higher meal sizes. An additional, but inverted meal size effect compared to 1.0 kg, was observed for 1.5 kg, where PF 1 was ingested at a higher speed combined with a lower chewing intensity compared to PF 2. Independent from the offered amount, PF 2 induced a markedly increased saliva production combined with a higher daily water intake. Larger-sized pellets seem to intensify the chewing process and decelerate the ingestion time if the meal size becomes larger.

ACS Style

Mandy Bochnia; Franziska Goetz; Monika Wensch-Dorendorf; Mareike Koelln; Annette Zeyner. Chewing patterns in horses during the intake of variable quantities of two pelleted compound feeds differing in their physical characteristics only. Research in Veterinary Science 2019, 125, 189 -194.

AMA Style

Mandy Bochnia, Franziska Goetz, Monika Wensch-Dorendorf, Mareike Koelln, Annette Zeyner. Chewing patterns in horses during the intake of variable quantities of two pelleted compound feeds differing in their physical characteristics only. Research in Veterinary Science. 2019; 125 ():189-194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mandy Bochnia; Franziska Goetz; Monika Wensch-Dorendorf; Mareike Koelln; Annette Zeyner. 2019. "Chewing patterns in horses during the intake of variable quantities of two pelleted compound feeds differing in their physical characteristics only." Research in Veterinary Science 125, no. : 189-194.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2019 in Animals
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Influences of feed particle size (coarse, fine) and hydro-thermal processing methods (HTPM) (without–non-compacted feed, pelleting, expanding and pelleting) on feeding value and the performance and digestive tract of 624 broilers were studied. HTPM increased the starch disintegration of feed. Starch disintegration and electron microscopy indicated the highest degree of starch modification in expanded and pelleted feed. HTPM affected ether extract digestibility (p < 0.05). A grinding-by-HTPM interaction was found in case of crude protein digestibility (p = 0.008). Non-compacted feed reduced daily feed intake (DFI) and body weight gain and increased the feed to gain ratio compared to compacted feeds (p < 0.001). Compacted feeds increased proventricular size and the risk of Isthmus gastrici dilatation compared to coarsely ground non-compacted feed, except for finely ground expanded and pelleted feed. Finely ground feed reduced proventricular weights compared to coarsely ground feed and pelleted feed compared to other feeds. Non-compacted feed increased gizzard weights compared to compacted feeds. Relationships between proventricular size and Isthmus gastrici dilatation and the DFI were detected. Summarizing, the beneficial effects of pelleted feed were mainly based on the reduction of feed wastage and selection. However, the high DFI caused by pellet feeding is also a main risk factor for proventricular dilatation.

ACS Style

Wendy Liermann; Mandy Bochnia; Andreas Berk; Verena Böschen; Liane Hüther; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. Effects of Feed Particle Size and Hydro-Thermal Processing Methods on Starch Modification, Nutrient Digestibility and the Performance and the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers. Animals 2019, 9, 294 .

AMA Style

Wendy Liermann, Mandy Bochnia, Andreas Berk, Verena Böschen, Liane Hüther, Annette Zeyner, Sven Dänicke. Effects of Feed Particle Size and Hydro-Thermal Processing Methods on Starch Modification, Nutrient Digestibility and the Performance and the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers. Animals. 2019; 9 (6):294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wendy Liermann; Mandy Bochnia; Andreas Berk; Verena Böschen; Liane Hüther; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. 2019. "Effects of Feed Particle Size and Hydro-Thermal Processing Methods on Starch Modification, Nutrient Digestibility and the Performance and the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers." Animals 9, no. 6: 294.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2019 in Animals
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The aim of this study was to evaluate energy metabolism and lipid mobilization via ultrasonic measurements (USM), considering inner fat depots, in lactating dairy cows differing in body condition score (BCS) and fed rations with low (35% at dry matter basis; C35) or high (60% at dry matter basis; C60) concentrate feed proportions postpartum. Sixty pluriparous German Holstein cows were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design from d 42 antepartum (relative to calculated calving) until d 120 postpartum. Animals were divided into a group with a lower (initial BCS = 3.1 ± 0.38 SD; BCSL) and a group with a higher (initial BCS = 3.83 ± 0.41 SD; BCSH) BCS. Due to higher dry matter intake C60 groups reached the positive energy balance earlier, whereas C35 groups had a more pronounced negative energy balance. Although this would suggest a more pronounced mobilization of C35 groups the USM revealed no differences between feeding groups. Differences in BCS between both BCS groups remained almost the same over the trial. This was not reflected in ultrasonic data, as lipid mobilization was higher in higher conditioned cows. These findings demonstrate the extended possibilities of USM to depict metabolic processes.

ACS Style

Katharina Bünemann; Dirk Von Soosten; Jana Frahm; Susanne Kersten; Ulrich Meyer; Jürgen Hummel; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. Effects of Body Condition and Concentrate Proportion of the Ration on Mobilization of Fat Depots and Energetic Condition in Dairy Cows during Early Lactation Based on Ultrasonic Measurements. Animals 2019, 9, 131 .

AMA Style

Katharina Bünemann, Dirk Von Soosten, Jana Frahm, Susanne Kersten, Ulrich Meyer, Jürgen Hummel, Annette Zeyner, Sven Dänicke. Effects of Body Condition and Concentrate Proportion of the Ration on Mobilization of Fat Depots and Energetic Condition in Dairy Cows during Early Lactation Based on Ultrasonic Measurements. Animals. 2019; 9 (4):131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katharina Bünemann; Dirk Von Soosten; Jana Frahm; Susanne Kersten; Ulrich Meyer; Jürgen Hummel; Annette Zeyner; Sven Dänicke. 2019. "Effects of Body Condition and Concentrate Proportion of the Ration on Mobilization of Fat Depots and Energetic Condition in Dairy Cows during Early Lactation Based on Ultrasonic Measurements." Animals 9, no. 4: 131.

Original article
Published: 10 March 2019 in Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
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Effects of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota of foals are yet insufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (DSM 7133) and Enterococcus faecium (DSM 7134) influences the bacterial composition of the faecal microbiota of foals. A total of 34 newborn foals were randomly assigned to the placebo group (PG, n = 16) and the treatment group (TG, n = 18). From day 1 to day 14 of life, foals orally received 3 ml of either a probiotic preparation (1.05 × 109 CFU E. faecium and 4.50 × 108 CFU L. rhamnosus) or placebo (carrier) once a day. Faeces were collected directly from the rectum immediately after birth (meconium) and at day 14 and day 56 of life. Samples of 12 foals per group were selected for microbiological analysis. DNA was extracted and used for polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and quantitative PCR. No DNA or amplicons were obtained from meconium. There were no differences in richness of bands and Shannon index of diversity regarding the Clostridium cluster XIVa between groups. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis of DGGE data showed a clear effect of age. Band-based similarity of bacterial clusters (Dice coefficient) decreased from day 14 to day 56 of life (p < 0.001) in PG foals only resulting in lower similarity in PG versus TG foals when 2 month old (p < 0.01). Five of thirty re-amplified bands were identified on species level. Others were assigned either to family (mainly Lachnospiraceae) or genus level (Akkermansia). The bands related to Akkermansia muciniphila or Akkermansia spp. appeared almost in all DGGE profiles. Two-week supplementation of the probiotic preparation to foals had no significant impact on the composition of the faecal microbiota but it appears to have prevented the reduction of bacterial similarity between 2 and 8 weeks of age observed in not treated foals.

ACS Style

Vladimir Urubschurov; Christina Stroebel; Elena Günther; Kristin Romanowski; Kirsten Büsing; Annette Zeyner. Effect of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on the composition of the faecal microbiota of foals. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2019, 103, 915 -924.

AMA Style

Vladimir Urubschurov, Christina Stroebel, Elena Günther, Kristin Romanowski, Kirsten Büsing, Annette Zeyner. Effect of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on the composition of the faecal microbiota of foals. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2019; 103 (3):915-924.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vladimir Urubschurov; Christina Stroebel; Elena Günther; Kristin Romanowski; Kirsten Büsing; Annette Zeyner. 2019. "Effect of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on the composition of the faecal microbiota of foals." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 103, no. 3: 915-924.