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Xiaoling Hu
Hunan Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Engineering Safety, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China

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Journal article
Published: 07 April 2020 in Polymers
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As a viscohyperelastic material, filled rubber is widely used as a damping element in mechanical engineering and vehicle engineering. Academic and industrial researchers commonly need to evaluate the fatigue life of these rubber components under cyclic load, quickly and efficiently. The currently used method for fatigue life evaluation is based on the S–N curve, which requires very long and costly fatigue tests. In this paper, fatigue-to-failure experiments were conducted using an hourglass rubber specimen; during testing, the surface temperature of the specimen was measured with a thermal imaging camera. Due to the hysteresis loss during cyclic deformation, the temperature of the material was found to first rise and then level off to a steady state temperature, and then it rose sharply again as failure approached. The S–N curve in the traditional sense was experimentally determined using the maximum principal strain as the fatigue parameter, and a relationship between the steady state temperature increase and the maximum principal strain was then established. Consequently, the steady state temperature increase was connected with the fatigue life. A couple of thousand cycles was sufficient for the temperature to reach its steady state value during fatigue testing, which was less than one tenth of the fatigue life, so the fatigue life of the rubber component could be efficiently assessed by the steady state temperature increase.

ACS Style

Wenbo Luo; Youjian Huang; Boyuan Yin; Xia Jiang; Xiaoling Hu. Fatigue Life Assessment of Filled Rubber by Hysteresis Induced Self-Heating Temperature. Polymers 2020, 12, 846 .

AMA Style

Wenbo Luo, Youjian Huang, Boyuan Yin, Xia Jiang, Xiaoling Hu. Fatigue Life Assessment of Filled Rubber by Hysteresis Induced Self-Heating Temperature. Polymers. 2020; 12 (4):846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenbo Luo; Youjian Huang; Boyuan Yin; Xia Jiang; Xiaoling Hu. 2020. "Fatigue Life Assessment of Filled Rubber by Hysteresis Induced Self-Heating Temperature." Polymers 12, no. 4: 846.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2019 in Polymer Testing
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In the tire industry, the Payne effect and hysteresis loss of carbon black (CB) filled rubber under cyclic loading are two kinds of most concerned issues. In this paper, effects of temperature ranging from −30 °C to 50 °C on the Payne effect and hysteresis loss of the CB filled natural rubber are investigated. Experimental results show that the amplitudes of the Payne effect are improved with the decreasing of temperature, especially, at −30 °C, an enhanced Payne effect is observed. The hysteresis loss of the material shows a decreasing tendency with the increasing of temperature. Moreover, the logarithmic storage modulus and loss modulus vs. logarithmic strain amplitude curves at different temperatures can be shifted vertically along the ordinate to get a single smooth one, and the temperature shift factor satisfies the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation. This can provide an accelerated method to evaluate the Payne effect at any temperature based on just fewer test data. According to the Kraus model and Payne effect test data, a method to predict the hysteresis loss of the material under different temperatures is developed and validated. The method proposed in the paper can provide an accelerated method to evaluate the Payne effect at arbitrary temperature based on fewer test data, and then accurate estimation of the hysteresis loss of CB filled rubber under cyclic loadings with various temperatures.

ACS Style

Xiaoling Hu; Ruizhi He; Youjian Huang; Boyuan Yin; Wenbo Luo. A method to predict the dynamical behaviors of carbon black filled natural rubber at different temperatures. Polymer Testing 2019, 79, 106067 .

AMA Style

Xiaoling Hu, Ruizhi He, Youjian Huang, Boyuan Yin, Wenbo Luo. A method to predict the dynamical behaviors of carbon black filled natural rubber at different temperatures. Polymer Testing. 2019; 79 ():106067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoling Hu; Ruizhi He; Youjian Huang; Boyuan Yin; Wenbo Luo. 2019. "A method to predict the dynamical behaviors of carbon black filled natural rubber at different temperatures." Polymer Testing 79, no. : 106067.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in Polymers
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The mechanical behaviour of carbon-black (CB)-filled rubber is temperature-dependent. It is assumed that temperature affects the fatigue life of rubber products by changing the tear energy of the material. The static tearing behaviour and fatigue crack propagation behavior of CB-filled rubber at different temperatures were investigated in this study. The critical tear energy of the material was measured through static tear fracture tests at different temperatures; it is shown that the critical tear energy decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. A fatigue crack growth test of a constrained precracked planar tension specimen was conducted at room temperature; the measurements verify that the fatigue crack growth follows a Paris–Erdogan power law. Considering the temperature dependence of the critical tear energy, the temperature dependent fatigue crack growth kinetics of CB-filled rubber was established, and the fatigue life of the material at high temperatures was predicted based on the kinetics. The predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements.

ACS Style

Wenbo Luo; Ming Li; Youjian Huang; Boyuan Yin; Xiaoling Hu. Effect of Temperature on the Tear Fracture and Fatigue Life of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber. Polymers 2019, 11, 768 .

AMA Style

Wenbo Luo, Ming Li, Youjian Huang, Boyuan Yin, Xiaoling Hu. Effect of Temperature on the Tear Fracture and Fatigue Life of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber. Polymers. 2019; 11 (5):768.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenbo Luo; Ming Li; Youjian Huang; Boyuan Yin; Xiaoling Hu. 2019. "Effect of Temperature on the Tear Fracture and Fatigue Life of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber." Polymers 11, no. 5: 768.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2018 in Polymer Testing
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Rubber is a typical viscoelastic polymer and has a low thermal conductivity. The main consequence is heat generation and leads to a temperature rise called heat build-up of the rubber material when subjected to cyclic deformation. Cylindrical carbon black (CB) filled rubber specimens were sinusoidally compressed with a Gabo Eplexor 500N dynamic mechanical analyzer, under various frequencies (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 Hz) and dynamic strain amplitudes (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%). A ThermaCAM SC3000 infrared camera was used to capture the surface temperatures of the specimens. To predict the influence of two main influent factors (loading strain amplitude and frequency) on the heat build-up (HBU), relations of the dynamic properties with the strain and frequency were constructed based on the Kraus and General Maxwell model, respectively. And effect of rising temperature on the loss modulus was investigated. Combine with the heat equation, an analytical method for calculating the HBU was established. The comparison between calculated results and experimental data shows that the proposed analysis method provides a satisfactory way to predict HBU for rubber compounds.

ACS Style

Wenbo Luo; Boyuan Yin; Xiaoling Hu; Zheng Zhou; Yan Deng; Kui Song. Modeling of the heat build-up of carbon black filled rubber. Polymer Testing 2018, 69, 116 -124.

AMA Style

Wenbo Luo, Boyuan Yin, Xiaoling Hu, Zheng Zhou, Yan Deng, Kui Song. Modeling of the heat build-up of carbon black filled rubber. Polymer Testing. 2018; 69 ():116-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenbo Luo; Boyuan Yin; Xiaoling Hu; Zheng Zhou; Yan Deng; Kui Song. 2018. "Modeling of the heat build-up of carbon black filled rubber." Polymer Testing 69, no. : 116-124.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2015 in Polymers for Advanced Technologies
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The effects of thermal aging on the tensile and tearing fracture properties of carbon-black (CB)-filled natural rubber vulcanizates were tested and analyzed. The specimens were subjected to thermo-oxidative aging at 100°C and 120°C, respectively, for various periods of time ranging from 10 to 168 hr and then mechanically stretched to fracture by tension or tearing with a 5943 Instron single column materials testing system. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, stretch to fracture, and tearing strength of the aged specimens were measured as a function of aged time at each aging temperature. The experimental results demonstrated that the neo-Hookean hyperelastic model is applicable to describe the tensile stress–stretch behavior of CB-filled rubbers when the stretch is small comparing with the extension limit. Moreover, the elastic modulus increases as the aged time increases, while the tensile strength, the stretch to fracture, and the tearing strength decreases with the aged time. Meanwhile, the crosslink density increased in a same trend with the elastic modulus as the elastic modulus is linearly proportional to the crosslink density of the rubber material, no matter what mechanism under which the crosslink density is affected, like CB loading or aged time. The change in mechanical properties of the filled rubbers due to thermal aging is found to be dependent on the aging temperature and the CB loading, and the higher the aging temperature and the CB loading, the more pronounced the change in mechanical properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Yan Li; Xiu Liu; Xiaoling Hu; Wenbo Luo. Changes in tensile and tearing fracture properties of carbon-black filled rubber vulcanizates by thermal aging. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2015, 26, 1331 -1335.

AMA Style

Yan Li, Xiu Liu, Xiaoling Hu, Wenbo Luo. Changes in tensile and tearing fracture properties of carbon-black filled rubber vulcanizates by thermal aging. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2015; 26 (11):1331-1335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Li; Xiu Liu; Xiaoling Hu; Wenbo Luo. 2015. "Changes in tensile and tearing fracture properties of carbon-black filled rubber vulcanizates by thermal aging." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 26, no. 11: 1331-1335.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica
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ACS Style

Wenbo Luo; Chuhong Wang; Xiaoling Hu; Tingqing Yang. Long-term creep assessment of viscoelastic polymer by time-temperature-stress superposition. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 2012, 25, 571 -578.

AMA Style

Wenbo Luo, Chuhong Wang, Xiaoling Hu, Tingqing Yang. Long-term creep assessment of viscoelastic polymer by time-temperature-stress superposition. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica. 2012; 25 (6):571-578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenbo Luo; Chuhong Wang; Xiaoling Hu; Tingqing Yang. 2012. "Long-term creep assessment of viscoelastic polymer by time-temperature-stress superposition." Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 25, no. 6: 571-578.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2009 in International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
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The dynamic mechanical behavior of carbon-black-filled vulcanized natural rubber is experimentally investigated by stretching the rubber strips with various strain amplitudes at different frequencies in a sinusoidal tension mode. The Payne effect is demonstrated and the frequency- and strain-amplitude-dependent hysteresis losses are determined by DMA measurements. The Kraus model is used for describing the Payne effect. The results show that hysteresis loss increases with increase in frequency and strain amplitude. A viscoelastic model, which correlates the hysteresis loss with strain amplitude and loss modulus, is used to calculate the energy dissipated in a full deformation cycle. The model prediction is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental result.

ACS Style

Wenbo Luo; Xiaoling Hu; Chuhong Wang; QiFu Li. Frequency- and strain-amplitude-dependent dynamical mechanical properties and hysteresis loss of CB-filled vulcanized natural rubber. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2009, 52, 168 -174.

AMA Style

Wenbo Luo, Xiaoling Hu, Chuhong Wang, QiFu Li. Frequency- and strain-amplitude-dependent dynamical mechanical properties and hysteresis loss of CB-filled vulcanized natural rubber. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2009; 52 (2):168-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenbo Luo; Xiaoling Hu; Chuhong Wang; QiFu Li. 2009. "Frequency- and strain-amplitude-dependent dynamical mechanical properties and hysteresis loss of CB-filled vulcanized natural rubber." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 52, no. 2: 168-174.