Banana trees, citrus fruit trees, pome fruit trees, grapevines, mango trees, and stone fruit trees are major fruit trees cultured worldwide and correspond to nearly 90% of the global production of woody fruit trees. In light of the above, the present manuscript summarizes the viruses that infect the major fruit trees, including their taxonomy and morphology, and highlights selected viruses that significantly affect fruit production, including their genomic and biological features. The results showed that a total of 163 viruses, belonging to 45 genera classified into 23 families have been reported to infect the major woody fruit trees. It is clear that there is higher accumulation of viruses in grapevine (80/163) compared to the other fruit trees (each corresponding to less than 35/163), while only one virus species has been reported infecting mango. Most of the viruses (over 70%) infecting woody fruit trees are positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA), and the remainder belong to the -ssRNA, ssRNA-RT, dsRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA-RT groups (each corresponding to less than 8%). Most of the viruses are icosahedral or isometric (79/163), and their diameter ranges from 16 to 80 nm with the majority being 25–30 nm. Cross-infection has occurred in a high frequency among pome and stone fruit trees, whereas no or little cross-infection has occurred among banana, citrus and grapevine. The viruses infecting woody fruit trees are mostly transmitted by vegetative propagation, grafting, and root grafting in orchards and are usually vectored by mealybug, soft scale, aphids, mites or thrips. These viruses cause adverse effects in their fruit tree hosts, inducing a wide range of symptoms and significant damage, such as reduced yield, quality, vigor and longevity.

Mycoviruses, or fungal viruses, are prevalent in all significant fungal kingdoms and genera. These low-virulence viruses can be used as biocontrol agents to manage fungal diseases. These viruses are divided into 19 officially recognized families and 1 unclassified genus. Mycoviruses alter sexual reproduction, pigmentation, and development. Spores and fungal hypha spread mycoviruses. Isometric particles mostly encapsulate dsRNA mycoviruses. The widespread plant-pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, which has caused a rice sheath blight, has hosted many viruses with different morphologies. It causes significant crop diseases that adversely affect agriculture and the economy. Rice sheath blight threatens the 40% of the global population that relies on rice for food and nutrition. This article reviews mycovirology research on Rhizoctonia solani to demonstrate scientific advances. Mycoviruses control rice sheath blight. Hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses are needed to control R. solani since no cultivars are resistant. Mycoviruses are usually cryptic, but they can benefit the host fungus. Phytopathologists may use hypovirulent viruses as biological control agents. New tools are being developed based on host genome studies to overcome the intellectual challenge of comprehending the interactions between viruses and fungi and the practical challenge of influencing these interactions to develop biocontrol agents against significant plant pathogens.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with plant roots play an essential role in the belowground ecological process in karst habitats with high spatial and substrate heterogeneity. However, the effects of AM fungi on root morphology and nutrient uptake under different soil patch sizes and gravel content in karst habitats are still unclear. A controlled experiment was conducted using a square device divided into 16 grid patches. This experiment had three treatments, including the mycorrhizal fungal treatment inoculated with (M⁺) or without Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd (M⁻), the patch heterogeneity treatment through the homogeneous patch (Homo), heterogeneity-large patch (Hetl) and heterogeneity-small patch (Hets), and substrate heterogeneity treatment through the gravel-free substrate (GF), gravel-low substrate (GL), and gravel-high substrate (GH). Root traits and nutrients of Bidens pilosa L were analyzed, and the result showed the AM fungi significantly increased the dry weight, length, surface area, average diameter, volume, tips, branching points, and N, P, and K acquisitions of B. pilosa roots, but significantly decreased the specific root length. The Hets with soil and gravel increased the dry weight, length, surface area, tips, branching points, and N, P, and K acquisitions of B. pilosa roots compared with Hetl regulated by AM fungi. The GL and GH treatments also increased the dry weight, length, surface area, tips, branching points, and N, P, and K acquisitions of B. pilosa roots compared with GF regulated by AM fungi. These results indicate that the B. pilosa roots’ nutritional acquisition benefits were higher in Hets mixed with gravel for its root morphological development regulated by AM fungi in karst soil. In conclusion, we suggest that soil patch heterogeneity with gravels promotes root morphological development and nutrient utilization to karst plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

The Grime (1974) CSR framework posits that ecological strategies of competition, stress tolerance and ruderal reflect plants’ adaptability to their survival environments. Karst forests are crucial for terrestrial ecosystem functions. However, how karst forests regulate plant functional traits in ecological strategy to adapt to infertile habitats remains unclear. Therefore, we surveyed fifty-three karst forest plots and measured plant functional traits involving the plan diameter at breast height (DBH), height, leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon (LC) and nitrogen (LN) and phosphorus (LP) with the leaf water content (LWC). We calculated CSR components on the individual and community levels introduced by community-weighted means (CWM) using the ‘StrateFy’ calculator. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Mantel’s test were used to investigate trait correlations with CSR components. Our results showed that stress tolerance (S) contributed an average 65.88% and 63.63% in individuals and communities, respectively, followed by competition (C) at 25.82% and 29.63%, and the least, ruderal (R), at 8.30% and 6.74%. Different plant functional traits exhibited different variations, coupled with significant correlations between CSR components and PC1 scores (except for CWM− LA, SLA and LDMC). Component S increased with the increase in CWM− LC and C:N ratio, and decreased with the increase in CWM− DBH, Height, LWC, LN, and N:P ratio, while it was the opposite for C and R, highlighting strategic trade-offs associated with plant functional traits. Mantel’s test revealed varied key trait combinations for each strategy. In conclusion, the predominant stress tolerance strategy relative to competition and ruderal is a result of trade-offs regulating karst forests, in association with plant functional traits. The disentangled CSR strategies provide insights into theoretically understanding functional maintenance for infertile forest ecosystems as an evolutional regulation mechanism.

This paper is devoted to develop interest of power system engineers in learning basic concepts of image processing and consequently using deep networks to solve problems of complex power system networks. To this end, we study fault classification in a power system through automation of equal area (EAC) criterion. By considering EAC graphs as images and using classical image processing techniques, we successfully distinguish between different transient conditions including sudden change of input power as well as short circuit at the sending end and middle points of a single and double circuit transmission lines. In addition to classification, some parameters are also determined from EAC images such as initial rotor angle, clearing angle, and maximum rotor angle. Further, the use of deep networks is introduced to perform the same task of fault classification and a comparison is drawn with multilayer perceptron neural networks. Developed algorithms are tested in MATLAB as well as Pytorch environments.

Insect telomeric G-quadruplexes have a more compact and stable structure in Na ⁺ solutions, and have a different binding pattern to ligand BMPQ-1 in K ⁺ and Na ⁺ solutions.