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Healthy diet and supplement use may prove as sustainable strategies to lower COVID-19 infection. Our study investigated the dietary changes before and during lockdown and observed dietary supplements (DS) use among residents in Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study collected data via an online electronic survey questionnaire among males (N = 921) and females (N = 1044) residing in Saudi Arabia, 15 years of age and above. There was a significant decrease in the prevalence of males (before vs. during lockdown) having improved changes in dietary habit (68.6% vs. 65.8%; p = 0.004), which was similar in female participants (69 vs. 73.4% vs. 69%; p< 0.001). The frequency of multivitamin users among COVID-19 participants was significantly lower than non-users (44.4 vs. 55.6; p< 0.003). Male respondents within 26–35 years of age were more likely to use multivitamin supplements than females (30.1 vs. 22.6%; p< 0.05) of same age group. Predictors for DS use were increased age group, income, education level and COVID-19 status. In conclusion, an increase in unhealthy diet behavior was observed among Saudi males and females during the pandemic lockdown and the predictors of DS use included increased age, income, education level and COVID-19 status.
Hanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Ghadah Aljumah; Syed Hussain; Nasser Al-Daghri. Dietary Intake and Supplement Use Among Saudi Residents during COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6435 .
AMA StyleHanan Alfawaz, Nasiruddin Khan, Ghadah Aljumah, Syed Hussain, Nasser Al-Daghri. Dietary Intake and Supplement Use Among Saudi Residents during COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Ghadah Aljumah; Syed Hussain; Nasser Al-Daghri. 2021. "Dietary Intake and Supplement Use Among Saudi Residents during COVID-19 Lockdown." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6435.
Objectives Vitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 is an on-going controversial issue. This study aims to determine differences in the serum 25(OH)D concentrations of Arab Gulf adult residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with risk of COVID-19 infection together with other comorbidities. Methods In this multi-center, case–control study, a total of 220 male and female adults presenting with none to mild symptoms were screened for COVID-19 (n = 138 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive and 82 negative controls). Medical history was noted. Anthropometrics were measured and non-fasting blood samples were collected for the assessment of glucose, lipids, inflammatory markers and serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Results Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group compared to the negative group after adjustment for age and BMI (52.8 nmol/l ± 11.0 versus 64.5 nmol/l ± 11.1; p = 0.009). Being elderly (> 60 years) [Odds ratio 6 (95% Confidence Interval, CI 2–18; p = 0.001) as well as having type 2 diabetes (T2D) [OR 6 (95% CI 3–14); p < 0.001)] and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) [OR 6 (95% CI 3–14); p < 0.001)] were significant risk factors for COVID-19 infection independent of age, sex and obesity. Conclusions Among Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2, serum 25(OH) D levels were observed to be lower in those who tested positive than negative individuals, but it was the presence of old age, diabetes mellitus and low-HDL-c that were significantly associated with risk of COVID-19 infection. Large population-based randomized controlled trials should be conducted to assess the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation against COVID-19.
Nasser M. Al-Daghri; Osama E. Amer; Naif H. Alotaibi; Dara A. Aldisi; Mushira A. Enani; Eman Sheshah; Naji J. Aljohani; Naemah Alshingetti; Suliman Y. Alomar; Hanan Alfawaz; Syed D. Hussain; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Shaun Sabico. Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case–control study. Journal of Translational Medicine 2021, 19, 1 -8.
AMA StyleNasser M. Al-Daghri, Osama E. Amer, Naif H. Alotaibi, Dara A. Aldisi, Mushira A. Enani, Eman Sheshah, Naji J. Aljohani, Naemah Alshingetti, Suliman Y. Alomar, Hanan Alfawaz, Syed D. Hussain, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Shaun Sabico. Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case–control study. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2021; 19 (1):1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasser M. Al-Daghri; Osama E. Amer; Naif H. Alotaibi; Dara A. Aldisi; Mushira A. Enani; Eman Sheshah; Naji J. Aljohani; Naemah Alshingetti; Suliman Y. Alomar; Hanan Alfawaz; Syed D. Hussain; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Shaun Sabico. 2021. "Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case–control study." Journal of Translational Medicine 19, no. 1: 1-8.
Dietary polyphenols in plant extracts are being widely investigated due to their great health-promoting activities and effect on modulating gut ecology. In turn, gut microbiota, plays a vital role in the biological activities of phenolic metabolites, particularly after the intake of food rich in polyphenols, such as plant extracts. However, this two-way relationship between polyphenols and microbiota is poorly understood. We prepared curcuma and mangosteen methanol extracts and fed them to healthy, lean, and obese rats over a period of 10 weeks. Subsequent alterations in the gut microbiota were determined. Overall, Firmicutes were more abundant than Bacteroidetes throughout the experiment. A particular increase of gram-positive cocci species and a significant decrease in both Clostridium and Bacteroides species were noted primarily in the first weeks of both plant extract intake in the control and lean rats. Compared to obese rats fed a regular diet, obese rats fed plant extracts showed an increase in Enterobacteriacea, Clostridium, and Bacteroides species and a decrease in gram-positive cocci in the first weeks of treatment with the last weeks of treatment the results at the species level were inverted.
Ranyah Shaker M. Labban; Hanan A Alfawaz; Nadine Ms. Moubayed; Yasser Al- Shawakir; Afaf El-Ansary. Impacts of the independent and synergistic effects of curcuma and mangosteen extracts on the gut bacterial composition in lean and obese rats. Microbial Pathogenesis 2021, 153, 104794 .
AMA StyleRanyah Shaker M. Labban, Hanan A Alfawaz, Nadine Ms. Moubayed, Yasser Al- Shawakir, Afaf El-Ansary. Impacts of the independent and synergistic effects of curcuma and mangosteen extracts on the gut bacterial composition in lean and obese rats. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2021; 153 ():104794.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRanyah Shaker M. Labban; Hanan A Alfawaz; Nadine Ms. Moubayed; Yasser Al- Shawakir; Afaf El-Ansary. 2021. "Impacts of the independent and synergistic effects of curcuma and mangosteen extracts on the gut bacterial composition in lean and obese rats." Microbial Pathogenesis 153, no. : 104794.
The study aimed to explore the influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on the mental status and dietary intake of residents in Saudi Arabia. In this cross-sectional study, an online survey was conducted from 11 May to 6 June 2020 corresponding to almost two weeks during and after Ramadan (23 April–23 May 2020). The Patient Health Questionnaire was used to assess anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia among the participants was 25.4%, 27.7%, and 19.6%, respectively. Participants aged ≥50 years with high income (≥8000 SAR) were at a lower risk of developing depression, whereas participants of the same age group with income 5000–7000 SAR were at high risk of developing anxiety. Students and master-educated participants suffer from median elevated depression and are required to take more multivitamins and vitamin D than others. Anxiety and depression were more common among married participants with low income. There is a wide range of Saudi residents who are at a higher risk of mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policymakers and mental healthcare providers are advised to provide continuous monitoring of the psychological consequences during this pandemic and provide mental support.
Hanan Alfawaz; Sobhy Yakout; Kaiser Wani; Ghadah Aljumah; Mohammed Ansari; Malak Khattak; Syed Hussain; Nasser Al-Daghri. Dietary Intake and Mental Health among Saudi Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1653 .
AMA StyleHanan Alfawaz, Sobhy Yakout, Kaiser Wani, Ghadah Aljumah, Mohammed Ansari, Malak Khattak, Syed Hussain, Nasser Al-Daghri. Dietary Intake and Mental Health among Saudi Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1653.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan Alfawaz; Sobhy Yakout; Kaiser Wani; Ghadah Aljumah; Mohammed Ansari; Malak Khattak; Syed Hussain; Nasser Al-Daghri. 2021. "Dietary Intake and Mental Health among Saudi Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1653.
Background The increase in soft drink (SD) consumption is emerging as a serious health issue. Our aim is to explore the prevalence and awareness regarding SD consumption among Saudi students. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1000 apparently healthy Saudi students (527 males, 473 females) aged 16–23 years. A designed questionnaire including various sections was used to obtain the required information. Results The BMI and frequency of SD consumption were significantly higher in males (P < 0.001) than females, whereas, females exhibited higher awareness and knowledge regarding SD consumption than males. The SD consumption in females was due to society, taste, availability and markets, whereas in males it was due to cheap price. Females support the implementation of new policies to prevent consumption of SD. Conclusions Arab students exhibited a high prevalence of SD consumption especially in males. Although females showed more awareness and knowledge about SD, various misconceptions were notable in both sexes. New policies, health promotion campaigns must be organized to raise awareness among children and parents. Parents and health educators should motivate and encourage the children to consume more water in the context of a healthy balanced diet.
Hanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Seham Alqahtani; Mohammed Ghouse Ahmed Ansari; Malak N K Khattak; Muneerah A Aljumah; Nasser M Al-Daghri. Difference on the prevalence, patterns and awareness of soft drink consumption among male and female Arab students. Journal Of Public Health 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleHanan Alfawaz, Nasiruddin Khan, Seham Alqahtani, Mohammed Ghouse Ahmed Ansari, Malak N K Khattak, Muneerah A Aljumah, Nasser M Al-Daghri. Difference on the prevalence, patterns and awareness of soft drink consumption among male and female Arab students. Journal Of Public Health. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Seham Alqahtani; Mohammed Ghouse Ahmed Ansari; Malak N K Khattak; Muneerah A Aljumah; Nasser M Al-Daghri. 2020. "Difference on the prevalence, patterns and awareness of soft drink consumption among male and female Arab students." Journal Of Public Health , no. : 1.
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, trends, and predictors of coffee consumption among Saudi female students and its association with anthropometric and demographic variables. A survey-based study using a face-to-face interview was designed, and 930 (aged 21.5 ± 2.1 years) apparently healthy female students from different departments of King Saud University participated. The prevalence of coffee consumption was significantly higher (88.2%, p < 0.03) in the central Riyadh region. Coffee consumers had significantly higher prevalence of being overweight than non-consumers (p = 0.02). The frequency of coffee consumption was significantly higher (p < 0.02) in students who were single and belonged to families with a moderate income level. Coffee consumption was significantly higher among first-year students with a high-scale grade point average (GPA) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively). Increased coffee consumption during exam and stress conditions was associated with unhealthy dietary habits such as using more sugar and spices. The prevalence of coffee consumption was high among Saudi females. High body mass index (BMI) and increased family income level were strong determinants for coffee consumption. Continued nutritional education and awareness about the potential positive and negative health effects of coffee consumption and the importance of food label use should be provided to younger generations in order to correct the wrong perceptions.
Hanan A. Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Sobhy M. Yakout; Malak N. K. Khattak; Amani A. Alsaikhan; Areej A. Almousa; Taghreed A. Alsuwailem; Taghreed M. Almjlad; Nada A. Alamri; Sahar G. Alshammari; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Prevalence, Predictors, and Awareness of Coffee Consumption and Its Trend among Saudi Female Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7020 .
AMA StyleHanan A. Alfawaz, Nasiruddin Khan, Sobhy M. Yakout, Malak N. K. Khattak, Amani A. Alsaikhan, Areej A. Almousa, Taghreed A. Alsuwailem, Taghreed M. Almjlad, Nada A. Alamri, Sahar G. Alshammari, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Prevalence, Predictors, and Awareness of Coffee Consumption and Its Trend among Saudi Female Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7020.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan A. Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Sobhy M. Yakout; Malak N. K. Khattak; Amani A. Alsaikhan; Areej A. Almousa; Taghreed A. Alsuwailem; Taghreed M. Almjlad; Nada A. Alamri; Sahar G. Alshammari; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2020. "Prevalence, Predictors, and Awareness of Coffee Consumption and Its Trend among Saudi Female Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7020.
The objective of this study was to examine the awareness, knowledge, and habits regarding dietary fiber intake and to analyze its relationship with self-reported health status among Saudi adults. A survey-based study using face-to-face interview was designed, and 1363 apparently healthy adult Saudi males and females participated. Most participants were females (81.2%), aged 25 and above (87.2%), and were educated at least up to the secondary level of education (80.8%). The majority of the participants were aware of the role of fiber-rich foods in health conditions such as obesity (70.5%), cardiovascular diseases (68.9%), and regulation of blood sugar (68.9%), with females significantly having higher nutrition knowledge than males. A disconnect in translating this nutrition knowledge was observed particularly in food choices when eating out, where preferences for white bread (84.4%), fried potatoes (69.9%) and peeled fruits (60.6%) were significantly higher than preferences for cooked vegetables (29.6%) and brown bread (18.1%). The most common reason for this disconnect was due to perception that foods rich in dietary fibers were expensive (72.1%), have less health benefits (56.5%), were not readily available (51.6%), and participants’ disliking of the taste (52.8%). Participants in the highest quartile (Q4) for dietary fiber consumption reported a lower prevalence of constipation (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval of 0.40, 0.28–0.57, p < 0.01), high cholesterol (0.43, 0.27–0.68, p < 0.01) and obesity (0.67, 0.44–0.98, p = 0.03) than participants in the lowest quartile (Q1). Dietary fiber intake appears to be protective against constipation, high cholesterol and obesity in Saudi adults. However, a disparity observed between knowledge and attitude towards intake of dietary fibers could limit its health benefits. Further studies including adolescents should be conducted to impart knowledge on the emotional, cognitive and sensory factors related to food choices in order to minimize the gap between nutrition knowledge and the consumption of healthy high-fiber diets.
Hanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Haya Alhuthayli; Kaiser Wani; Muneerah A. Aljumah; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Saad A. Alghanim; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Awareness and Knowledge Regarding the Consumption of Dietary Fiber and Its Relation to Self-Reported Health Status in an Adult Arab Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1 .
AMA StyleHanan Alfawaz, Nasiruddin Khan, Haya Alhuthayli, Kaiser Wani, Muneerah A. Aljumah, Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak, Saad A. Alghanim, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Awareness and Knowledge Regarding the Consumption of Dietary Fiber and Its Relation to Self-Reported Health Status in an Adult Arab Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Haya Alhuthayli; Kaiser Wani; Muneerah A. Aljumah; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Saad A. Alghanim; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2020. "Awareness and Knowledge Regarding the Consumption of Dietary Fiber and Its Relation to Self-Reported Health Status in an Adult Arab Population: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 1.
Current dietary supplement (DS) use among Saudi school students is not well described. In this study, we aim to investigate the prevalence and predictors of DS use among adolescents. This cross-sectional study collected data via self-administered questionnaire from 1221 students (12 to 18 years). The overall prevalence of DS use was 26.2%, significantly higher in females than males (33% vs. 17.9%, p < 0.001). High proportion of female DS users demonstrated normal BMI than males (84% vs. 56.5%, p < 0.001). High percentage of male DS users were engaged in vigorous and/or high physical activity (PA) levels than female DS users (58.2% vs. 43%, p = 0.022; and 57.1% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.001, respectively). The main reasons for DS use among females were vitamin deficiency (63.3%), hair condition (37.6%) and nail health (23.5%) while in males, the main reasons were vitamin deficiency (58.4%) and body building (34.4%). The predictors of DS use in Saudi adolescents included being female, having high family income and being physically active. In conclusion, the overall prevalence and preference of DS use, though low among Saudi adolescents, was driven mostly by gender, physical activity levels and socioeconomic factors like family income. DS use guidelines and counselling among Saudi adolescents are warranted to improve public health.
Hanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Alwateen Almarshad; Kaiser Wani; Muneerah A. Aljumah; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. The Prevalence and Awareness Concerning Dietary Supplement Use among Saudi Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3515 .
AMA StyleHanan Alfawaz, Nasiruddin Khan, Alwateen Almarshad, Kaiser Wani, Muneerah A. Aljumah, Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. The Prevalence and Awareness Concerning Dietary Supplement Use among Saudi Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3515.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Alwateen Almarshad; Kaiser Wani; Muneerah A. Aljumah; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2020. "The Prevalence and Awareness Concerning Dietary Supplement Use among Saudi Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3515.
Aim: This 18 month intervention study aims to determine the efficacy of a lifestyle modification program on prediabetes reversal among Saudi adults. Methods: An 18 month randomized, multicenter trial was conducted among Saudis with prediabetes aged 25–60 recruited from King Salman Hospital and primary care centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 180 consenting individuals were randomized (1:1) to receive either intensive lifestyle intervention (ILIG) or guidance (control group, CG). ILIG was provided with a personalized lifestyle counseling by nutritionists every 3 months to improve diet and exercise behaviors. CG was given booklets containing information on prediabetes and its prevention. Data from lifestyle assessments and laboratory measurements were analyzed at baseline and every 6 months. The primary outcome was the reversal rate of prediabetes. Results: 158 participants were analyzed (CG:85, ILIG:73) at the 12 month follow-up and 28 participants (CG:11 and ILIG:17) completed the entire 18 month study. Post-intervention, the cumulative incidence of prediabetes reversal in the ILIG was 38 participants (52.1%) which was significantly higher than CG with 26 participants (30.6%) (p = 0.02). Conclusion: A tailored lifestyle intervention is effective in reversing prediabetes, at least for a year, among Arab adults with prediabetes. The challenge of sustaining interest in adopting lifestyle changes for a longer duration should be addressed in this population.
Osama E. Amer; Shaun Sabico; Hanan A. Alfawaz; Naji Aljohani; Syed Danish Hussain; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Kaiser Wani; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Reversal of Prediabetes in Saudi Adults: Results from an 18 Month Lifestyle Intervention. Nutrients 2020, 12, 804 .
AMA StyleOsama E. Amer, Shaun Sabico, Hanan A. Alfawaz, Naji Aljohani, Syed Danish Hussain, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Kaiser Wani, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Reversal of Prediabetes in Saudi Adults: Results from an 18 Month Lifestyle Intervention. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (3):804.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsama E. Amer; Shaun Sabico; Hanan A. Alfawaz; Naji Aljohani; Syed Danish Hussain; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Kaiser Wani; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2020. "Reversal of Prediabetes in Saudi Adults: Results from an 18 Month Lifestyle Intervention." Nutrients 12, no. 3: 804.
This 12-month, randomized, controlled lifestyle intervention study was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in terms of (1) the reduction of at least 5% of body weight compared to baseline and (2) the percentage of participants in which fasting blood glucose (FBG) normalizes (
Kaiser Wani; Hanan Alfawaz; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Shaun Sabico; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Omar Al-Attas; Majed S. Alokail; Mohammed Alharbi; George Chrousos; Sudhesh Kumar; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Effects of a 12-Month Intensive Lifestyle Monitoring Program in Predominantly Overweight/Obese Arab Adults with Prediabetes. Nutrients 2020, 12, 464 .
AMA StyleKaiser Wani, Hanan Alfawaz, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Shaun Sabico, Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak, Omar Al-Attas, Majed S. Alokail, Mohammed Alharbi, George Chrousos, Sudhesh Kumar, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Effects of a 12-Month Intensive Lifestyle Monitoring Program in Predominantly Overweight/Obese Arab Adults with Prediabetes. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (2):464.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaiser Wani; Hanan Alfawaz; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Shaun Sabico; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Omar Al-Attas; Majed S. Alokail; Mohammed Alharbi; George Chrousos; Sudhesh Kumar; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2020. "Effects of a 12-Month Intensive Lifestyle Monitoring Program in Predominantly Overweight/Obese Arab Adults with Prediabetes." Nutrients 12, no. 2: 464.
The present study aimed to investigate the changes in dietary patterns of adult Saudis with prediabetes who underwent a six-month lifestyle modification program. A total of 160 Saudis with prediabetes (baseline fasting glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L), aged 20–60 years, were enrolled in one of the two arms: A one-time general advice about lifestyle modification (GA group) at orientation or a well-structured and monitored nutrition and lifestyle counseling for six months (guidance group). Fasting blood samples and a dietary recall for daily intakes of macro/micronutrients using a validated computerized food database “ESHA—the Food Processor Nutrition Analysis program” were collected pre- and post-intervention. Compliance to reference daily intake (RDI) was also calculated at both time points. At baseline, overall, severe deficiencies in the majority of micronutrient intakes were observed. Post intervention, clinically significant improvements in the glycemic indices (fasting glucose and insulin resistance) were seen over time in the guidance group. Also, significant improvements in dietary habits and physical activity levels were more apparent in the guidance group than the GA group, particularly in the daily intakes of total carbohydrate (46.9% compliance post vs. 20.3% at baseline); dietary fiber (21.9% vs. 3.1%); and some micronutrients like vitamin B6 (21.3% vs. 6.7%), vitamin B12 (45.3% vs. 28%), vitamin C (21.9% vs. 7.8%), riboflavin (40% vs. 10.7%), niacin (41.3% vs. 14.7%), magnesium (18.8% vs. 4.7%), iron (54.7% vs. 34.4%), and copper (37.3% vs. 13.3%). The study highlights the effects of a six-month lifestyle modification program in improving dietary micronutrient intakes of Saudis with prediabetes. Since micronutrient intake was observed to be low, fortification of these micronutrients in the Saudi diet is recommended.
Hanan Alfawaz; Alsoodeeri Fahadah Naeef; Kaiser Wani; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Shaun Sabico; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Improvements in Glycemic, Micronutrient, and Mineral Indices in Arab Adults with Pre-Diabetes Post-Lifestyle Modification Program. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2775 .
AMA StyleHanan Alfawaz, Alsoodeeri Fahadah Naeef, Kaiser Wani, Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak, Shaun Sabico, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Improvements in Glycemic, Micronutrient, and Mineral Indices in Arab Adults with Pre-Diabetes Post-Lifestyle Modification Program. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (11):2775.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan Alfawaz; Alsoodeeri Fahadah Naeef; Kaiser Wani; Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak; Shaun Sabico; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2019. "Improvements in Glycemic, Micronutrient, and Mineral Indices in Arab Adults with Pre-Diabetes Post-Lifestyle Modification Program." Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2775.
Dietary supplements are believed to enhance athletic performance and/or prevent/reverse pathological states. Despite the increasing use of dietary supplements in Saudi Arabia, systematic studies in this field are lacking. This study aims to assess the relation between demographic and social characteristics and dietary supplement use among adult males in Saudi Arabia. Demographic and dietary supplements data from fitness club participants were collected through a questionnaire, and the Pearson chi-square test was used to determine associations. A total of 448 apparently healthy adult males above 20 years of age, who were registered at fitness centers located in Saudi Arabia, participated in the study. The majority (275 [62%]) of the study participants were younger (20–30 years), of normal weight (189 [43%]), without health problems (332 [79%]), and obtained an undergraduate degree or higher (336 [77%]). The majority (58%) took supplements under the supervision of a professional and the rest depended on Internet (22%), friends (12%), or books (4%) for choosing supplement types. The main motives of the participants for visiting the fitness center were: weight loss (N = 149 [35%]), keeping fit (N = 101 [24%]), and muscle building (N = 151 [35%]). One hundred and fifty-five participants (44%) were taking supplements on a daily basis with 34 (10%) having taken it for a prolonged duration (>1 year). The most commonly used supplements were proteins (29%) and multivitamins (21%). Supplement use was not associated with the participants’ family income or level of education but was positively associated with younger age (2(2, N = 443) = 4.96, p = .03.
Hanan A. Alfawaz; Soundararajan Krishnaswamy; Latifah Al-Faifi; Halima Ali Bin Atta; Mohammad Al-Shayaa; Saad A. Alghanim; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Awareness and Attitude Toward Use of Dietary Supplements and the Perceived Outcomes Among Saudi Adult Male Members of Fitness Centers in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2018, 28, 509 -514.
AMA StyleHanan A. Alfawaz, Soundararajan Krishnaswamy, Latifah Al-Faifi, Halima Ali Bin Atta, Mohammad Al-Shayaa, Saad A. Alghanim, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Awareness and Attitude Toward Use of Dietary Supplements and the Perceived Outcomes Among Saudi Adult Male Members of Fitness Centers in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2018; 28 (5):509-514.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan A. Alfawaz; Soundararajan Krishnaswamy; Latifah Al-Faifi; Halima Ali Bin Atta; Mohammad Al-Shayaa; Saad A. Alghanim; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2018. "Awareness and Attitude Toward Use of Dietary Supplements and the Perceived Outcomes Among Saudi Adult Male Members of Fitness Centers in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 5: 509-514.
This three-arm, randomized, controlled study aimed to determine the differences in the effects of general advice (GA) on lifestyle change, intensive lifestyle modification programme (ILMP) and GA + metformin (GA + Met) in reducing the prevalence of full metabolic syndrome (MetS) in subjects with prediabetes; 294 Saudis with prediabetes (fasting glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L) were initially randomized, 263 completed 6 months and 237 completed 12 months. They were allocated into three groups: GA group which received a standard lifestyle change education; ILMP which followed a rigorous lifestyle modification support on diet and physical activity; and a GA + Met group. Anthropometric and biochemical estimations were measured. Full MetS (primary endpoint) and its components (secondary endpoint) were screened at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Full MetS in the ILMP group decreased by 26% (p < 0.001); in GA + Met group by 22.4% (p = 0.01) and in GA group by 8.2% (p = 0.28). The number of MetS components decreased significantly in the ILMP and GA + Met groups (mean change 0.81, p < 0.001 and 0.35, p = 0.05, respectively). Between-group comparison revealed a clinically significant decrease in MetS components in favor of the ILMP group (−0.58 (−0.88–0.28), p < 0.001). This study highlights the clinical potency of ILMP versus other diabetes prevention options in reducing MetS in Saudi adults with elevated fasting glucose.
Hanan A. Alfawaz; Kaiser Wani; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Yousef Al-Saleh; Naji J. Aljohani; Omar S. Al-Attas; Majed S. Alokail; Sudhesh Kumar; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Effects of Different Dietary and Lifestyle Modification Therapies on Metabolic Syndrome in Prediabetic Arab Patients: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 383 .
AMA StyleHanan A. Alfawaz, Kaiser Wani, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Yousef Al-Saleh, Naji J. Aljohani, Omar S. Al-Attas, Majed S. Alokail, Sudhesh Kumar, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Effects of Different Dietary and Lifestyle Modification Therapies on Metabolic Syndrome in Prediabetic Arab Patients: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (3):383.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan A. Alfawaz; Kaiser Wani; Abdullah M. Alnaami; Yousef Al-Saleh; Naji J. Aljohani; Omar S. Al-Attas; Majed S. Alokail; Sudhesh Kumar; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2018. "Effects of Different Dietary and Lifestyle Modification Therapies on Metabolic Syndrome in Prediabetic Arab Patients: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study." Nutrients 10, no. 3: 383.
The economic boom in Saudi Arabia indirectly prompted the use of dietary supplements in the last two decades. Our aim is to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplement use and its association with sociodemographic/lifestyle characteristics among Saudi female students. In this cross-sectional study, 534 female participants (≥19 years of age) completed a self-administered questionnaire that include sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, perceived health status, dietary supplement use, general awareness, attitudes and behavior. In all participants, the prevalence of dietary supplement use was 76.6% (n = 409). High level of education (p = 0.002) and more physical activity (p = 0.008) exhibited a significant positive association with users than to non-users. The frequency showed that beta-carotene (54.2%), chamomile (54.2%), and glucosamine (53.8%) were the most preferred diet supplements under the category “when needed”. Cod liver oil (71.3%), omega 3 (68.3%), multi-vitamins (61.5%), ginseng (60%), and vitamin A (60%), were mostly used “from time to time”. Multi-minerals (34.4%) were the preferred choice when it comes to daily use. The main reasons for supplement use were to “maintain healthy hair” and “injury and illness” (both 26.2%). About 38.4% were not aware and 30.3% disagree on differences taking supplements with or without consulting a medical professional. About 36.7% lack information about side effects while, 35.0% were unaware about any health effect of dietary supplements. The prevalence of dietary supplement use was high in Saudi female students and was significantly associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.
Hanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Aziza Alfaifi; Fatima M. Shahrani; Huda M. Al Tameem; Seetah F. Al Otaibi; Weaam I. Abudigin; Mohammad S. Al-Shayaa; Saad A. Al-Ghanim; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Prevalence of dietary supplement use and associated factors among female college students in Saudi Arabia. BMC Women's Health 2017, 17, 1 -7.
AMA StyleHanan Alfawaz, Nasiruddin Khan, Aziza Alfaifi, Fatima M. Shahrani, Huda M. Al Tameem, Seetah F. Al Otaibi, Weaam I. Abudigin, Mohammad S. Al-Shayaa, Saad A. Al-Ghanim, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Prevalence of dietary supplement use and associated factors among female college students in Saudi Arabia. BMC Women's Health. 2017; 17 (1):1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Aziza Alfaifi; Fatima M. Shahrani; Huda M. Al Tameem; Seetah F. Al Otaibi; Weaam I. Abudigin; Mohammad S. Al-Shayaa; Saad A. Al-Ghanim; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2017. "Prevalence of dietary supplement use and associated factors among female college students in Saudi Arabia." BMC Women's Health 17, no. 1: 1-7.
The aim was to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplement use among pregnant Saudi women and its associations between various demographics. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 137 pregnant women attending prenatal care from King Salman Hospital completed a self-administered questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, general awareness, attitude and behavior towards use of dietary supplements during pregnancy. Dietary supplement use among Saudi women in pregnancy was high (71.5%) and was significantly associated with level of education (p = 0.005), family income (p = 0.039) and number of children (p = 0.007). No significant association was observed between neonatal health outcomes and dietary supplement use during pregnancy. In all participants, 81.6% believed that supplement use is important for nutritional status and more favorable neonatal outcomes. For the majority of participants, the primary source of information for dietary supplement use was a doctor’s advice. The majority of the participants [65.7% (n = 90)] responded that dietary supplement use is safe. Folic acid was found to be the most common type of dietary supplement used (95.9%; n = 94); however, 53.1% (n = 52) did not take folic acid supplements 3 months prior to pregnancy. Other common supplements used were iron, calcium and vitamin D (88.8, 81.6, and 41%, respectively). This study provided new information on dietary supplement use and its correlates in Saudi pregnant women. The prevalence of dietary supplement use was high in this group and was associated with socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics.
Hanan A Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Najlaa AlOteabi; Syed D. Hussain; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Factors associated with dietary supplement use in Saudi pregnant women. Reproductive Health 2017, 14, 104 .
AMA StyleHanan A Alfawaz, Nasiruddin Khan, Najlaa AlOteabi, Syed D. Hussain, Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Factors associated with dietary supplement use in Saudi pregnant women. Reproductive Health. 2017; 14 (1):104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan A Alfawaz; Nasiruddin Khan; Najlaa AlOteabi; Syed D. Hussain; Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2017. "Factors associated with dietary supplement use in Saudi pregnant women." Reproductive Health 14, no. 1: 104.
Micronutrient deficiencies and inadequacies constitute a global health issue, particularly among countries in the Middle East. The objective of this review is to identify micronutrient deficits in the Middle East and to consider current and new approaches to address this problem. Based on the availability of more recent data, this review is primarily focused on countries that are in advanced nutrition transition. Prominent deficits in folate, iron, and vitamin D are noted among children/adolescents, women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and the elderly. Reports indicate that food fortification in the region is sporadic and ineffective, and the use of dietary supplements is low. Nutrition monitoring in the region is limited, and gaps in relevant information present challenges for implementing new policies and approaches to address the problem. Government‐sponsored initiatives are necessary to assess current dietary intakes/patterns, support nutrition education, and to reduce food insecurity, especially among vulnerable population groups. Public–private partnerships should be considered in targeting micronutrient fortification programs and supplementation recommendations as approaches to help alleviate the burden of micronutrient deficiencies and inadequacies in the Middle East.
Nahla Hwalla; Ayesha Salem Al Dhaheri; Hadia Radwan; Hanan Abdullah Alfawaz; Mona A. Fouda; Nasser Mohammed Al‐Daghri; Sahar Zaghloul; Jeffrey B. Blumberg. The Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies in the Middle East and Approaches to Interventions. Nutrients 2017, 9, 229 .
AMA StyleNahla Hwalla, Ayesha Salem Al Dhaheri, Hadia Radwan, Hanan Abdullah Alfawaz, Mona A. Fouda, Nasser Mohammed Al‐Daghri, Sahar Zaghloul, Jeffrey B. Blumberg. The Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies in the Middle East and Approaches to Interventions. Nutrients. 2017; 9 (3):229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNahla Hwalla; Ayesha Salem Al Dhaheri; Hadia Radwan; Hanan Abdullah Alfawaz; Mona A. Fouda; Nasser Mohammed Al‐Daghri; Sahar Zaghloul; Jeffrey B. Blumberg. 2017. "The Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies in the Middle East and Approaches to Interventions." Nutrients 9, no. 3: 229.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia is rising unexpectedly in every age group. Apart from several risk factors, the lack of awareness is posing a serious threat for low vitamin D levels in children as well. The aim of our study was to compare the knowledge and status of vitamin D in Saudi school children. Saudi students, 1188 boys (15.1 ± 2.2 years) and 1038 girls (15.1 ± 2.0 years), were recruited and a pre-designed questionnaire with regards to knowledge about vitamin D was administered. Blood samples were collected and serum 25hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D was measured. A significantly higher percentage of boys answered correctly than girls regarding knowledge questions as sun exposure (p = 0.002, and 0.011), breastfeeding (p < 0.001) and diseases (p < 0.001). The percentage of girls was significantly higher who thought that fruits and vegetables are not rich sources of vitamin D (24.7% girls vs. 15.4% boys; p < 0.001and 29.6% girls vs. 20.9% boys p < 0.001), respectively. Boys had a higher prevalence and frequency of sun exposure than girls (p < 0.001 for both). Girls showed a significantly higher percentage of sunscreen use and full covering during sun exposure (p = 0.001 for both).Vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in girls than boys (47.0% versus 19.4.0%; p < 0.001). Vitamin D status in boys was significantly higher than girls (p < 0.001). In girls, those who answered correctly about vitamin D related disease (p = 0.03) and sources (p = 0.015), demonstrated significantly higher vitamin D levels. The awareness of vitamin D and sunlight in children needs to be improved by provision of trained physicians and school teachers. Creating more areas where girls can uncover freely during routine works and outdoor activities will help increase their vitamin D levels.
Yousef Al-Saleh; Nasser M Al-Daghri; Nasiruddin Khan; Hanan Alfawaz; Abdulaziz M Al-Othman; Majed S Alokail; George P Chrousos. Vitamin D status in Saudi school children based on knowledge. BMC Pediatrics 2015, 15, 1 -6.
AMA StyleYousef Al-Saleh, Nasser M Al-Daghri, Nasiruddin Khan, Hanan Alfawaz, Abdulaziz M Al-Othman, Majed S Alokail, George P Chrousos. Vitamin D status in Saudi school children based on knowledge. BMC Pediatrics. 2015; 15 (1):1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYousef Al-Saleh; Nasser M Al-Daghri; Nasiruddin Khan; Hanan Alfawaz; Abdulaziz M Al-Othman; Majed S Alokail; George P Chrousos. 2015. "Vitamin D status in Saudi school children based on knowledge." BMC Pediatrics 15, no. 1: 1-6.
Reducing exposure to toxic environmental agents is a critical area of intervention. Prenatal or postnatal exposure to certain chemicals has been documented to increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder. Propionic acid (PA) found in some foods and formed as a metabolic product of gut microbiota has been reported to mediate the effects of autism. Results from animal studies may help to identify environmental contaminants and drugs that produce or prevent neurotoxicity, and may thereby aid in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. The present study investigated the protective and/or therapeutic effects of vitamin D against brain intoxication induced by propionic acid (PPA) in rats. Twenty-eight young male Western Albino rats were enrolled in the present study. They were grouped into four equal groups of 7. The control group received only phosphate buffered saline; the oral buffered PPA-treated group received a neurotoxic dose of 250 mg/kg body weight/day for 3 days; and the Vitamin D-protected group received 1000 IU/kg/day of alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) (1, 25-VD) for two weeks, after which the rats were injected with PPA 250 mg/Kg body weight/day for 3 days. The fourth group received PPA 250 mg/Kg body weight/day for 3 days followed by alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) (1, 25-VD) for two weeks (Vitamin D therapeutic effect). Vitamin D and calcium were measured in the plasma of the four studied groups. Serotonin, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), glutathione-s-transferase activity and DNA double helix breaks were assayed in the brain tissue of the rats for all groups. The obtained data showed that the PPA-treated group demonstrated higher plasma vitamin D levels compared to the control rats, together with multiple signs of brain toxicity, as indicated by a depletion of serotonin (5HT), an increase in IFN-γ and inhibition of glutathione-s-transferase activity as three biomarkers of brain dysfunction. Additionally, Comet DNA assays showed remarkably higher tail length, tail DNA % damage and tail moment as a neurotoxic effect of PPA. Vitamin D showed a greater protective than therapeutic effect on PPA-induced neurotoxicity in rats, as there was a remarkable amelioration of the impaired biochemically measured parameters representing neurochemical, inflammation, and detoxification processes.
Hanan A Alfawaz; Ramesa Shafi Bhat; Laila Al-Ayadhi; Afaf K El-Ansary. Protective and restorative potency of Vitamin D on persistent biochemical autistic features induced in propionic acid-intoxicated rat pups. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014, 14, 1 -10.
AMA StyleHanan A Alfawaz, Ramesa Shafi Bhat, Laila Al-Ayadhi, Afaf K El-Ansary. Protective and restorative potency of Vitamin D on persistent biochemical autistic features induced in propionic acid-intoxicated rat pups. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014; 14 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanan A Alfawaz; Ramesa Shafi Bhat; Laila Al-Ayadhi; Afaf K El-Ansary. 2014. "Protective and restorative potency of Vitamin D on persistent biochemical autistic features induced in propionic acid-intoxicated rat pups." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14, no. 1: 1-10.
The over-all age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) in Saudi Arabia is unprecedented at 31%. Aggressive measures should be done to curb down increasing incidence. In this prospective 6-month study we aim to determine whether a self-monitoring, life-style modification program that includes increased sunlight exposure confer improvement in vitamin D status and health benefits among adult Saudi overweight and obese patients with varying glycemic status. A total of 150 overweight and obese Saudi adults with varying glycemic status aged 30–60 years were included in this study. They were divided into 3 groups (Non-DMT2, Pre-diabetes and DMT2). Baseline anthropometrics and blood glucose were taken at baseline and after 6 months. Fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, calcium, albumin and phosphate were measured routinely. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D was measured using standard assays. Within the time period they were instructed to reduce total intake of fat, increased fiber intake and increase sun exposure. In all groups there was a significant improvement in vitamin D levels as well as serum triglycerides, LDL- and total cholesterol. However, a significant increase in serum glucose levels was noted in the non-DMT2 group, and a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol in both non-DMT2 and pre-diabetes group. In the pre-diabetes group, 53.2% were able to normalize their fasting blood levels after 6 months, with 8.5% reaching the DMT2 stage and 38.3% remaining pre-diabetic. In all groups there was a significant increase in the prevalence of hypertension. Improving vitamin D status with modest lifestyle modifications over a short-period translates to improvement in lipid profile except HDL-cholesterol among overweight and obese Saudi adults, but not BMI and blood pressure. Findings of the present study merit further investigation as to whether full vitamin D status correction can delay or prevent onset of DMT2.
Nasser M Al-Daghri; Hanan Alfawaz; Naji J Aljohani; Yousef Al-Saleh; Kaiser Wani; Abdullah M Alnaami; Mohammad Alharbi; Sudhesh Kumar. A 6-month “self-monitoring” lifestyle modification with increased sunlight exposure modestly improves vitamin D status, lipid profile and glycemic status in overweight and obese Saudi adults with varying glycemic levels. Lipids in Health and Disease 2014, 13, 87 -87.
AMA StyleNasser M Al-Daghri, Hanan Alfawaz, Naji J Aljohani, Yousef Al-Saleh, Kaiser Wani, Abdullah M Alnaami, Mohammad Alharbi, Sudhesh Kumar. A 6-month “self-monitoring” lifestyle modification with increased sunlight exposure modestly improves vitamin D status, lipid profile and glycemic status in overweight and obese Saudi adults with varying glycemic levels. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2014; 13 (1):87-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasser M Al-Daghri; Hanan Alfawaz; Naji J Aljohani; Yousef Al-Saleh; Kaiser Wani; Abdullah M Alnaami; Mohammad Alharbi; Sudhesh Kumar. 2014. "A 6-month “self-monitoring” lifestyle modification with increased sunlight exposure modestly improves vitamin D status, lipid profile and glycemic status in overweight and obese Saudi adults with varying glycemic levels." Lipids in Health and Disease 13, no. 1: 87-87.
To determine the gender-dependent association of socio-economic status variables with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the adult Saudi population. A total of 9164 adult Saudis (aged 18–70 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Marital status, income, education, and occupation were used as socio-economic indicators while behavioral factor like physical exercise was also taken into account. MetS was defined using the criteria based from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). In males, the odds ratio (OR) of harboring MetS was higher in married [OR1.6 (Confidence Interval (CI) 1.1, 2.4); p < 0.03], and high income class [OR 2.3(CI 1.5, 3.5); p < 0.001] and lowest in retired and unemployed individuals [1.4(1.0, 1.9); p < 0.04, 0.61(0.45, 0.82); p < 0.001] respectively. In females, MetS was inversely related to high income [OR 0.70 (CI 0.46, 1.1); p < 0.09] and education level [OR 0.38 (CI 0.26, 0.56); p < 0.001], and was significantly higher in the unemployed class [OR 1.6 (CI 1.2, 2.2); p < 0.004]. The prevalence of MetS is significantly high among retired, married and high-earning Saudi males while in females, high earners and high education seem to confer a protective effect against MetS.
Nasser M Al-Daghri; Khalid M Alkharfy; Omar S Al-Attas; Nasiruddin Khan; Hanan A Alfawaz; Saad A Alghanim; Mansour A Al-Yousef; Abdulrahman S M Al-Ajlan; Majed S Alokail. Gender-dependent associations between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in the adult Saudi population. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2014, 14, 51 -51.
AMA StyleNasser M Al-Daghri, Khalid M Alkharfy, Omar S Al-Attas, Nasiruddin Khan, Hanan A Alfawaz, Saad A Alghanim, Mansour A Al-Yousef, Abdulrahman S M Al-Ajlan, Majed S Alokail. Gender-dependent associations between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in the adult Saudi population. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2014; 14 (1):51-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasser M Al-Daghri; Khalid M Alkharfy; Omar S Al-Attas; Nasiruddin Khan; Hanan A Alfawaz; Saad A Alghanim; Mansour A Al-Yousef; Abdulrahman S M Al-Ajlan; Majed S Alokail. 2014. "Gender-dependent associations between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in the adult Saudi population." BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 14, no. 1: 51-51.